Risk in Banking Sector

Paper presentation On Risk in banking sector. Abstract: The structure of the paper is three-fold, where we begin by what is risk in banking scenario and its effects on internal operations of a bank, followed by the various types of risk in Indian banks and what can be done or the measurements taken and finally the future look. Introduction: The Indian Financial System is tasting success of a decade of financial sector reforms. The economy is surging and has gathered the critical mass to convert it into a force to reckon with.The regulatory framework in India has sparked growth and key structural reforms have improved the asset quality and profitability of banks. Growing integration of economies and the markets around the world is making global banking a reality. The RBI requires all banks to comply with the standardized approach of the BASEL II accord by 31st March, 2007. This paper attempts to project the implications of this transition and its effects on the internal operations of a bank followed by its effects on the banking industry and the economy.What is Risk? For the purpose of these guidelines financial risk in a banking organization is possibility that the outcome of an action or event could bring up adverse impacts. Such outcomes could either result in a direct loss of earnings / capital or may result in imposition of constraints on bank’s ability to meet its business objectives Regardless of the sophistication of the measures, banks often distinguish between expected and unexpected losses.Expected losses are those that the bank knows with reasonable certainty will occur (e. g. , the expected default rate of corporate loan portfolio or credit card portfolio) and are typically reserved for in some manner. Unexpected losses are those associated with unforeseen events (e. g. Losses due to a sudden down turn in economy or falling interest rates). Types of risk in banks: In the course of their operations, banks are invariably faced with different ty pes of risks that may have a potentially negative effect on their business.The risks to which a bank is particularly exposed in its operations are: liquidity risk, credit risk, market risks (interest rate risk, foreign exchange risk and risk from change in market price of securities, financial derivatives and commodities), exposure risks, investment risks, risks relating to the country of origin of the entity to which a bank is exposed, operational risk, legal risk, reputational risk and strategic risk. Liquidity risk:  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by the bank’s inability to meet all its due obligations.Credit risk:  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by borrower’s default on its obligations to the bank. Market risk:  includes interest rate and foreign exchange risk. Interest rate: risk  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capita l of the bank caused by changes in interest rates. Foreign exchange: risk  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by changes in exchange rates.A special type of market risk is the  risk of change in the market price  of securities, financial derivatives or commodities traded or tradable in the market. Exposure risks:  include risks of bank’s exposure to a single entity or a group of related entities, and risks of banks’ exposure to a single entity related with the bank. Investment risks:  include risks of bank’s investments in entities that are not entities in the financial sector and in fixed assets.Operational risk:  is the risk of negative effects on the financial result and capital of the bank caused by omissions in the work of employees, inadequate internal procedures and processes, inadequate management of information and other systems, and unforeseeable external events. Legal risk:  is the risk of loss caused by penalties or sanctions originating from court disputes due to breach of contractual and legal obligations, and penalties and sanctions pronounced by a regulatory body.Reputational risk:  is the risk of loss caused by a negative impact on the market positioning of the bank. Strategic risk:  is the risk of loss caused by a lack of a long-term development component in the bank’s managing team. Risk management: Risk Management is a discipline at the core of every financial institution and encompasses all the activities that affect its risk profile. In every financial institution, risk management activities broadly take place simultaneously at following different hierarchy levels. a) Strategic level: It encompasses risk management functions performed by senior management and BOD. For instance definition of risks, formulating strategy and policies for managing risk etc; b) Macro Level: It encompasses risk management within a business area or across business l ines. Generally the risk management activities performed by middle management. c) Micro Level: It involves ‘On-the-line’ risk management where risks are actually created.This is the risk management activities performed by individuals who take risk on organization’s behalf such as front office and loan origination functions. Risk management in bank operations includes risk identification, measurement and assessment, and its objective is to minimize negative effects risks can have on the financial result and capital of a bank. Banks are therefore required to form a special organizational unit in charge of risk management. Also, they are required to prescribe procedures for risk identification, easurement and assessment, as well as procedures for risk management. The future: Risk management activities will be more pronounced in future banking because of liberalization, deregulation and global integration of financial markets. This would be adding depth and dimension to the banking risks. As the risks are correlated, exposure to one risk may lead to another risk, therefore management of risks in a proactive, efficient & integrated manner will be the strength of the successful banks Conclusion:By taking measures the smaller banks would not have sufficient resources to withstand the intense competition of the sector. Banks would evolve to be a complete and pure financial services provider, catering to all the financial needs of the economy. Flow of capital will increase and setting up of bases in foreign countries will become commonplace. Finally, the economy will stand to benefit as the banking sector develops. Savings will be mobilized in the right direction and the required funds needed for the country's development will be made available.

What is the main purpose of prison

What is the main purpose of prison BY assists What is the main purpose of prisons? Although the human society is marching on all the time, a variety of crimes such as cheat, steal and even more serious kidnapping, rape and murder keep happening around us unavoidably. In order to maintain the stability of our countries and punish those people who commit crimes, prisons appear. That is the simplest reason for prison establishing, and in this article I will analyze the purpose of prisons deeply.Generally speaking, despite the punishment action, known as retribution, the purpose of prisons can be divided into another 3 categories. Firstly, incapacitation, it can be expressed as isolating the criminals and depriving their freedom by locking them in a secure place. Secondly, for people who intend to commit crime but have not broken the laws, prisons are deterrence to some extent. In another word, prisons act as a warning in people's mind to prevent future crimes.Finally, rehabilitation mea ns that the prisons have the responsibility to develop prisoners' abilities and integrate them into society after releasing. Those activities may include but not limited in launching educational courses, teaching Job skills, informing current news s well as providing psychotherapy by professional staffs. However, after explaining the functions of prisons thoroughly, there comes a new problem for us, what should be the main purpose of prisons – rehabilitation (positive side) or punishment/societal protection (negative side)?In my opinion, it depends on the crime behavior and the intent behind the crime. If it is not a serious crime such as driving after drinking a bottle of beer, then absolutely yes, this person should be forgiven. And in this case, rehabilitation is the main purpose of prison to get him off of the wrong behavior. But then, if someone commit violate criminals such as murder or rape, the purpose of prison will change to the negative side and most of ordinary pe ople will agree with locking him and punishing him with no hesitation.In this case, it is not necessary to give him another opportunity and the prison's duty is only isolating the prisoner and taking away all the luxury things so that rehabilitation is not that important. In addition, if someone commits crime due to addition and has psychological problems, then rehabilitation should be put as priority, because punishment is useless for reforming addicts.

Psychology Paper Essay

In this paper I am going to be talking about the philosophy of psychology in the 19th century. I am going to be discussing the roots in early philosophy leading into the 19th century that influenced the development of modern psychology, identify philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings of psychology as a formal discipline, identify major philosophers in the western tradition that were primary contributors to the formation of psychology as a discipline and explore the development of the science of psychology during the 19th century. There were several philosophers that historically relate to the beginnings psychology as a formal discipline. John Locke, George Berkeley, David Hume and John Stuart Mill are just a few to mention. John Locke made a distinction between simple and complex. â€Å"Simple ideas resulted from experiencing basic sensory qualities such as yellow, white, heat and so on, and from making simple reflections such as â€Å"pleasant.† A complex idea includes sever ideas, which can be a combination of simple and other complex ideas. Complex ideas are compounds and can be ultimately reduced to simple ones, much as chemical compounds are composed of simple elements.† (Goodwin, 2008). George Berkeley’s work on vision was the first systematic example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception. Berkeley tried to show that our perceptions of the distance, size, and locations of objects are judgments that depend entirely on experience. We do not see objects directly; rather we make judgments about them based on visual information and our experiences. Davie Hume came up with the rules of association, that ideas that are similar or happen simultaneously are associated. He proposed three laws: resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect. David Hartley, another dualist, believed that although the mind and body operated separately but also parallel to each other. He used association in his theory of memories. He believed the â€Å"strength of association relies on repetition† (Goodwin, 2008). John Stuart Mill, known as the â€Å"key transition figure in the shift from the philosophy of the mind to the science of the mind† (Goodwin, 2008), used a chemical rather than mechanical description in our complex ideas are made from simple ones. He believed that the mind was much more active than passive. Mill’s logic consists of the Method of Agreement, Method of Difference, and Joint Method.

Supermax Prisons - Problem or Solution Research Paper

Supermax Prisons - Problem or Solution - Research Paper Example Supermax prisons assist in general protection of prison staff members and inmate populations. Jurisdictions using Supermax Instituions During the past two decades Super-max prisons were rare in the United States. This is contrary to current situation where two-thirds of states have implemented the use of supermax facilities with capacity of housing as many inmates as possible. According to King (1999), supermax prisons accommodated approximately 20,000 inmates a figure estimated to be close to 2% of total federal and state inmates with different service sentences. By the year 1999, almost two-thirds of states adopted supermax prisons. However, survey by National Institute of Corrections (NIC) in 1996, indicated that in 1984, a single prison was used as supermax facility. The constitution provided for legislative branch which formed the first part of the Constitution indicating the existence of Congress consisting of House of Representatives and Senate. The two branches performed diff erent tasks. Congress performed tasks such as collection of taxes, regulation of Commerce, defense amongst others (Lowi et al, 2010). There was the Executive, Legislature and the judicial branches of government. The executive comprises of the President, while the judicial branch was endowed with the responsibility of checking for democracy and guarding against interference with liberty and property. The constitution at the same time provided for national Unity and power amongst American citizens and all states. The process of amending the constitution was provided for in Article V with article VII providing for rules for ratification of the document (Lowi et al, 2010). Arguments for and against Proponents of supermax institutions argue that the rate of toughness as exhibited by the inmate population, increased gang activities as well as various difficulties government encounter in the process of maintaining order within severely crowded prisons encourages the use of supermax facilit ies. Further, proponents of supermax facilities view the kind of harshness within the facility from positive perspective since such conditions prevents other inmates from indulging in further criminal activities within prisons. At the same time, they support order and safety as crucial part in management of prisons (Riveland, 1999). The modern-day supermax prisons is a replica for concentration model, which promotes creation of specific units capable of managing specified hardcore inmates, Alcatraz was one of such institution. However, it was closed by Bureau of Prisons (BOP) and replaced with new, specialized high-security prison located in Marion, IIIinois. The levels of violence and assaults against prison staff and other inmates increased in early 1970s (King, 1999). Due such cases, opponents argue on the presence of so many negative elements resulting from such institutions. However, such agreement ignored the nature of cooperation on the ground at the presence of all organizat ions making any meetings on the political and security domain informal. From economic perspective, building and operations of supermax prisons costs higher compared to traditional maximum security prisons. At the same time, there is less evidence on whether the institutions lead towards improvement of in-mate behavior throughout prison systems. There is also no evidence on wheth

Amusing Ourselves to Death and You Just Dont Understand Essay

Amusing Ourselves to Death and You Just Dont Understand - Essay Example Part one deals with how the American media developed through the ages, with an emphasis on the printed word at first, and then the arrival of the telegraph and radio. These topics are discussed first, in a chronological order, to create a context and fill in the background. Part two looks at modern media, with an emphasis on show business, film and especially television. The structure offers two main arguments: how things have developed first of all, and then what this means for the modern world. Deborah Tannen’s You Just Don’t Understand is not arranged chronologically, but rather takes a range of different topics on the subject of men’s language and women’s language and deals with them one by one. It starts very generally, with a description of how women and men are socialized in separate spaces, and develop different techniques. The key phrase â€Å"Asymmetry† is introduced (chapter 2) and defined as the gap between the sexes. In the middle chapters more specific topics such as interruptions, and gossip are discussed, and then last chapter (chapter 10) revisits the idea of asymmetry and the author describes what to do about this mis-match, namely to open up lines of communication that both men and women can understand. An afterword written ten years after the first publication reports how successful the book was, and answers some questions which readers and critics have raised. The thematic structure suggests that the subject is being tr eated as a collection of observations rather than a single line of argument. It allows the author to range freely over many details. Question 2 Postman relies on the earlier ideas of media and culture scholar Marshall McLuhan and notes that â€Å"the clearest way to see through a culture is to attend to its tools for conversation.† (Postman: 1985, p. 8) From this basic observation he moves to a close examination of American discourse, looking at cultural phenomena like Las Vegas, with its focus on high risk and materialism, and the medium of television which offers unintelligent and repetitive material to keep citizens quietly consuming its hidden messages. A key issue for Postman is that dictatorship need not be obvious and violent, like a fascist regime which dominates people’s lives with physical deprivation and misery. A dictatorship can be subtle and deceptive, and television is just such a force. It is not just the message that the media offer, nor even just the medium of presentation that is important, but also the far reaching implications of both of these things together as they impact upon passive viewers. The argument is very convincing because it sums up the commercialization and â€Å"dumbing down† of television in the 1980s and 1990s and points out a number of dangers which most people have not been aware of. Deborah Tannen’s book makes many statements about the different ways that men and women use language, and explains that this is often at the root of difficulties which couples have in their relationship. Her argument is based on the discipline of linguistics, and she uses linguistic terminology in quite a technical way, explaining how these features work, and what they imply about male and female gender behaviors. A big feature of the book is its insistence that male and female styles are both equally valid: â€Å"Throughout this book, and throughout my work, I take a no-fault approach† (Tannen, 2001, p. 30 1) This is a laudable aim, but unfortunately the book does not always stick to it, and there is more than a touch of pro-feminist argumentation, for example in chapter on â€Å"dominance and control,† which refers to other research but without clear indication of sources. There is a lot

Movie review of Jesus of Montreal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Movie review of Jesus of Montreal - Essay Example The other scene which is common to the biblical accounts in the Gospels is Daniel’s conversation with a lawyer. The lawyer makes a lucrative offer to Daniel and offers him ways to make Passion play very popular. As the media lawyer tries to buy Daniel and his play, one is inundated by the disparagement, the obliteration of values, and the obscenely easy money ("Jesus of Montreal "). This temptation is similar to the biblical account where the Devil had taken Jesus to a high mountain and offered him the riches of the world if he would bow down and worship him. Daniel is also offered money high above the city where the viewer becomes aware of power and possession of personal gain. The scene of the subway station serves as a desperate plea against the materialistic world. Pascal who is Daniel’s friend was on the poster advertisement for men’s cosmetics. To Daniel’s dismay, he is the same person who had earlier recited the prophetic words from Dostoevsky play ("Jesus of Montreal "). Now he was the person who had sold himself to the media executive to be part of the materialistic world. To Daniel, this is unfaithfulness and treachery of friendship which is similar to Judas’s betrayal to Jesus. Thus the divination of the Dostoevsky play at the start of the film has come true: removing God from society can only guide and direct to the insignificance of good values and to a situation in which meaning is developed solely from the profitable value of its people and culture ("Jesus of Montreal ").

Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Dissertation Example This study suggests that the explanation as to how information systems contribute to the performance and competitive advantage of the firm may lie within the specific responses, and competitive actions that the firm participates in or the role information systems play in the competitive dynamics of the firm (Eisenhardt 2004). Kenya and most African countries have one thing in common; they all have a large health provision gap, which is growing each year. This provision gap is prevalent mostly in the urban areas. This arises due to rural-urban migration since young men, and women move to urban areas in search of employment. This movement to urban areas has led to the over stretching of the available and limited health facilities. Due to this, many dispensing chemists that at times act as clinics have sprung up in almost every estate, surburb in the city. The health provision gap can be supplemented through such dispensing chemists and pharmacies. Moreover, many households cannot affor d to pay medical bills at the hospitals and see this as a cheaper way of meeting their medical needs. Capital Chemist is one of those dispensing chemists that operate within Nairobi with the aim of making medical supplies such as drugs, and equipment readily and cheaply available. It also offers services such as laboratory tests. It aims to support and reduce the health gap that exists in Kenya, especially the urban areas. Capital Chemist has over 50 employees and has been operating in the pharmacy market in the country for the last 5 years. Its drug dispensing division is one of the most profitable of the overall venture. Despite increasing competition from other dispensing chemists and pharmacies, Capital has maintained a strong position in the drug dispensing market thanks to its attractive, long operating hours, and the variety of drugs and medical equipment it offers. Even though the popularity of Capitals’ long working hours and a variety of services, Capital has manage d to keep and attract more customers due to the strong customer relationship it has. It has also been able to achieve this through its high level of customer support. 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The Capital Chemist, herein referred to as ‘The Chemist’ is a pharmaceuticals drugs and medical equipment retail chain in Nairobi, Kenya. A registered pharmaceutical retail company was incorporated in 2007. It has branches in several parts of the city. Its presence manifests itself in almost every estate, in the city. Administratively the chemist is served through all its 12 branches across the city. It has its headquarters in Nairobi’s Central Business District. These branches aim at meeting the goals, and mission of the company. All operations are regulated and controlled by the headquarters in Nairobi. It aims at providing quality, readily available medical drugs to its client when needed and whenever needed. Synchronizing the management and operations of these branche s to ensure efficiency in service delivery, and profitability has become a nightmare. Currently each of the 12 branches has its own management system that is limited to point-of sale management only. The other process such as inventory management, price control, and diagnosis are manually handled using spreadsheets. Given that daily sales and purchase quantities are high and are forecast to increase, tracking and

Operations and Logistics Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Operations and Logistics Management - Case Study Example It seeks to achieve these objectives by facilitating a culture where teams of employees are sufficiently motivated to work together to revisit working practices in an effort to monitor their performance and make changes for the better. Operations management is an area of business where one is concerned with the production of his/her goods and the services s/he provides. Operations management focuses on carefully managing the processes to produce and distribute products and services. Usually, small businesses don't talk about "operations management", but they carry out the activities that management schools typically associate with the phrase "operations management." Major, overall activities often include product creation, development, production and distribution. (These activities are also associated with Product and Service Management. However product management is usually in regard to one or more closely related product - that is, a product line. Operations management is in regard to all operations within the organization.). Related activities include managing purchases, inventory control, quality control, storage, logistics and evaluations. The best option for Organization A is the Material Requirements Planning (MRP). The MRP is a software-based production planning and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. An MRP system is intended to simultaneously meet 3 objectives: ensure materials and products are available for production and delivery to customers. maintain the lowest possible level of inventory. plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and purchasing activities. All manufacturing organizations, whatever their products face the same daily practical problem - that customers want products to be available in a shorter time than it takes to make them. Companies need to control the types and quantities of materials they purchase, plan which products are to be produced and in what quantities and ensure that they are able to meet current and future customer demand, all at the lowest possible cost. If a company purchases insufficient quantities of an item used in manufacturing, or the wrong item, they may be unable to meet contracts to supply products by the agreed date. If a company purchases excessive quantities of an item, money is being wasted - the excess quantity ties up cash while it remains as stock and may never even be used at all. This is a particularly severe problem for food manufacturers and companies with very short product life cycles. However, some purchased items will have a minimum quantity that must be met, therefore, purchasing e xcess is necessary. (http://www.me.utexas.edu) MRP is used by many organizations as a tool to deal with these problems. This applies to items that are bought in and to sub-assemblies that go into more complex items. There are two kinds of output. Output 1 is the "Recommended Production Schedule" which lays out a detailed schedule of the required minimum start and completion dates, with quantities, for each step of the Routing and Bill Of Material required to satisfy the demand from the MPS. Output 2 is the

Humans In Biological And Behavioral Continuum Essay

Humans In Biological And Behavioral Continuum - Essay Example In the behavioral and biological continuum, different animal species hold different positions. The determinant of this categorization based on a quantitative, rather than a qualitative approach. Humans rank as the most intelligent of all the other primates. This is the case if we define intelligence depending on thought patterns and ability to solve problems. Intelligence is a product of brain organ, which all primates own. The differences in intelligence level between human beings and other primates, therefore, rest on the differences in the capabilities of their brain matter. Human beings have a relatively larger brain as compared to chimpanzees and other primates, however, their brain processes and functions are the same (Lewis, Jurmain & Kilgore, 2010). Both human beings and other primates portray an array of related behavior. Parental love is vital for them all. The offspring of both humans and other primates need parental love, failure to which their growth will not be successful and whole, and will reflect in their adulthood years. All primate species show their need for bonding with others. In their early developmental years, young humans and other young primates depend on their older counterparts for general learning and adaptation to their new environment. Older members of human and other primates’ population are charged with the role of nurturing the young ones. All primates, including humans, react differently to different situations. The difference is that humans demonstrate a more adept degree of feelings and emotions such as cruelty, aggression, tenderness, altruism, and compassion. Humans can differentiate between ‘good’ and ‘evil’, unlike chimpanzees that do not even feel grief.

Business Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Business Plan - Essay Example The business is expected to utilise technology as a driving force in the future development of its operations. Introduction Mini’s is a start-up bakery business that seeks to provide some of the most demanded bakery products in Chelsea. The business establishment is expected to attract the attention of the local customers through the provision of quality cupcakes and scones. The bakery is driven by the need to provide quality products and it is aspired that a strong market position will be built in the first six months of operations. It is expected that such position will be facilitated by the wide experience of the proprietor in this business and the seemingly low competition in the area. As such, Mini’s Bakery seeks to offer its products at the most competitive prices in the industry and will target both the low and middle income earners as well as tourists. The business The business will be established as a sole proprietorship with the owner having responsibility for operations with the assistance of employees. The sole proprietor has wide experience in both business management and bakery affairs and is therefore well suited to manage the affairs of the business as it seeks to establish a strong presence in the area. For a start, the proprietor will hire three full time bakers who are well versed in all types of breads and cakes in addition to seven other staff who shall handle the other operations within the business. The products to be offered will initially comprise of cupcakes and scones but new products will gradually be added to the line in response to market demand. In order to increase its turnover, the business will engage in both wholesale and retail business and will therefore sell directly to the consumers in addition to other retailers. The keys to a successful operation are quality products and competitive pricing (Finell, 2007, pp.45). Market The market for bakery products is booming in the Chelsea area. Across the country, the m arket for scones and other types of cakes has been increasing steadily, thus providing the perfect opportunity for the business to grow its market share effectively. The increased demand for these products has been necessitated by an increase in the consumption of hot beverages. The focus of Mini’s bakery is to establish a large customer base which will ensure its success. In this regard, an effective marketing campaign will be launched in the area in order to make the residents acquainted with our products (Park, 2006, pp.23). The residents in the locality will be the initial target market. In any case, the major focus of the proprietor is to establish a steady source of revenue for the business in order to ensure its stability. The area is normally frequented by tourists and it is expected that revenue from tourists will comprise approximately 30% of total revenue. Success is dependent on the production of quality products accompanied by good hospitality (Brown, 2004, pp.56 -7). Financial consideration A total of ?200, 000 will be needed for the start-up operations of which ?160,000 will come from the personal savings of the sole proprietor. The rest of the capital will be borrowed from the bank and is payable over a five year period. It is hoped that this money will be sufficient to buy the initial machinery and equipment as well as provide working capital. It is anticipated

Finance Assessed Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance Assessed Coursework - Essay Example ct with each other and how the reporters of financial information struggle to strike a balance among these attributes to ensure the usefulness of information for the user. According to the U.S. GAAP Codification of Accounting Standards, financial statements of an enterprise comprise of profit/loss statements, balance sheets, statement of cash flows and an account of stockholders' equity. These statements, combined with additional financial analysis tools and formulae constitute the financial information which in turn serves the needs of the wide range of users of financial information. ... he financial performance of organizations or the general public which might be interested in gathering information for various reasons (Gibson, 2011). In order to satisfy the needs and requirements of the users of financial information, the accountant's job is essentially to maximize the usefulness of the information to facilitate the users and to fulfil the expectations of the users with regard to the accuracy of the information. Along with the reporting being simply and evidently comprehensible, analogous and unswerving, it should also be relevant, reliable, material, neutral and definitely prudent (Rich et al. 2010). In the following paragraphs, I shall proceed to discuss the latter five characteristics mentioned in an orderly fashion along with highlighting the challenges faced in ensuring the effective implementation of these qualities. Relevant financial information is that which has the ability to influence decision-making of the users and is meaningful. It assists them to mak e informed judgments on the basis of past events, accurate decisions in relation to the present scenarios and wise forecasts about future events along with facilitation in correct evaluation of situations. Data that fails in influencing the decisions in the appropriate manner is futile for the users regardless of whether it represents external phenomena or whether it conforms to the other user-oriented criteria (Rosenfield, 2006). For example, a supplier who is planning to sell goods to a company on credit will find the total cash balance in the cash flow statement of that company relevant since it will enable him to assess the liquidity position of the company. Likewise, a prospective shareholder of a company would surely desire to discern the profitability state of the company so that he

Children literacy Essay Example for Free

Children literacy Essay The purpose of this story is to improve children literacy. This story helps children to learn different animal names and different things. User can listen and read to story as well. Audience: The audience of this story are children age 4 7 and this story will help them to learn names of different things and animals and will improve their grammar. I found that by reading the story and it also has been mentioned on the website. The purpose of final product is to provide entertainment so I will need to include this feature however I will make sure that the text on my animation is appropriate and simple so that the audience can understand it easily. Techniques used: This animation has used a number of techniques to make it professional and attractive which eventually makes it successful. The animation has used buttons to navigate from scene to other by clicking the story bear or next. Users can start the story again if by clicking back to the start. This buttons are very useful as it allows the user to skip the scene or start the story again if they have missed any scene. I will also make that I use buttons on my animation so that user have some flexibility and can navigate easily. These features will make my animation professional and suitable for my audience. At the start of the animation there are two options to watch the story with sound or without sound. This is the technique used by most professional websites, it helps user to understand the story more easily and make the animation suitable for its purpose. This animation asks user to click on different things, when user click on an object the next scene can be watch. This means this animation has used different objects on different scenes as a button. I will use this technique on my animation as it will allow user to interact with the animation which will keep the user interested in the animation. This technique also makes the animation very professional which is a positive aspect about this animation. The object to click on An effect has been added to some objects so when a user is going to click on it and pointer is on it. The appearance of the object will change; a white border will surround this object. This technique will help users to show that this is the right object to click on to watch next scene. This technique is shown on the above screen shot. In this animation the objects has been used as buttons to make it interactive I will use this technique in my animation. I will also use objects or characters as buttons, which will allow users to watch next scene. I will use buttons on my animation and add effect so that the appearance of these buttons can be change when the pointer is on it. This technique will make my animation more eye-catching and aesthetic. The zoom in and out technique has been used several times in this animation. This technique helps user to see the close of the objects which will help them to understand the story. This is a very useful technique as it clearly shows what is happening in the story. I will use this technique where it is important. This will help me to meet the professional standard. This animation has used clouds and question mark to show that the characters are thinking. The face expression also shows that the characters are thinking because of the eye movement and hands position. Below the screen shots shows the two different characters of the story thinking. This animation is very professional because it shows the face expressions. The face of the Micky becomes red when he is angry. Below the screen shots are showing two different emotions. This is a high quality technique as this makes the story interesting and realistic. I will use this technique in my animation; I will show the facial expression of my characters to make my animation attractive to its audience and professional. This animation used a lot of motion tweens to show the movements. The legs of the characters move forward to show the walking effects, hands move to show that they are talking and thinking. At the start of the story the leaves are falling down. The birds beak is moving to show the talking effect, the eye balls of almost all characters are moving and the story bear is moving his one foot while thinking. This is a positive aspect on this animation as it makes the animation more interesting and realistic. I will definitely use motion tweens in my animation to show the characters walking and playing and to show the movements of objects. This will help me to create a realistic and appealing final product. Navigation and interaction: This animation is users friendly as its navigation is very effective. To watch the next scene users have to click next or story bear button, this button will also helps user to skip scene. There is another button start the story again which allow user to watch the story again. This gives the user some flexibility. This animation interacts with the users a lot as user have to click the button to watch the next scene and it also asks user to click on different objects. This animation allow user to get involve in the story which will keep their interest till the end. Strengths: Techniques: There are number of good points about this story. These strengths make the animation suitable for its purpose and audience. First of all the animation has used range of techniques. Such as motion tweens, zoom in, face expressions and user interaction. These techniques made the story interesting and professional. This animation also uses clouds to show what the characters are thinking. I will be using some of these techniques to ensure that my product is to the best possible standard. Another good point about this animation is that the scenes flow in a sequence which makes it suitable for its audience, as it is very easy for its audience to understand what is going in the story. I will make sure that the sequence of scenes of my animation is easy to understand and appropriate for my target audience so that they can enjoy the story. Characters and objects: This animation has got six different characters and used a lot of objects. The number of characters are appropriate as they not too much which makes the animation crowdy and audience would not be able to understand whats happening in the story or there not very few characters which makes the story boring. I will also make sure that the number of characters in my animation is appropriate so that my animation is not boring or crowded. This will make my animation suitable for its audience. Sound and text: The story has an option which allow user to listen to the story as well as reading. This is a good point of this animation because it makes the animation suitable for the purpose it has made for by improving their listening skills. The text of this animation is appropriate for its audience and help to keep the users interest till the end. I will include sound and text on my animation so that the users can understand the story easily by listening or reading it. This will give users some flexibility. I will also include some other sounds for example sound of a ball kick to make my animation vibrant and professional.

Exploring The Practice Of Supervision

Exploring The Practice Of Supervision Supervision is the practice where a counsellor can talk to a professional who is trained to identify any psychological or behavioural changes in the counsellor that could be due to an inability to cope with issues presented by clients. A supervisor is also responsible for challenging practices and procedures, developing improved or different techniques, and informing clients of alternative theories and/or new practices, as well as industry changes. The supportive and educative process of supervision is aimed toward assisting supervisees in the application of counselling theory and techniques to client problems (Bernard Goodyear, 2009). Supervision is a usually a regular, formal arrangement for counsellors to discuss their work with someone who is experienced in counselling and supervision. The task is to work together to ensure and develop the efficiency of the counsellor/client relationship, maintain adequate standards of counselling and a method of consultancy to widen the horizons of an experienced practitioner (ACA, 2009). Aim of Supervision Generally, supervision has two primary goals: to monitor client care and ensure clients are receiving appropriate therapeutic counselling, and to enhance professional functioning (Bernard Goodyear, 2009). Supervision provides benefits for counsellors such as support, an opportunity to discover new ideas and strategies, as well as personal and professional development. Another benefit in addition to counsellor support and development is learning across the professional lifespan of counsellors life long learning (Borders Usher, 1992). The intention of supervision is to provide a means of support, and ongoing learning and professional development for counsellors who frequently work with difficult and stressful cases. This serves to prevent excess stress and burnout (Haynes, Corey, Moulton, 2003). The educational and encouraging role of the supervisor focuses on creating a secure setting where the supervisee can reflect on their work, get feedback, direction, reassess their capabilities and gain greater understanding about their work, clients and themselves with the aim of protecting the client and offering best possible counselling practices (Powell, 1993). In order to promote counsellor development supervision needs to take place in a safe and appropriate environment. To achieve this, as in a counselling session, empathy, openness, and positive regard are essential (Egan, 2007). Both parties must also trust in the integrity and honesty of the other. An ethical framework is necessary to promote this trust, and there should be an appreciation of the importance of the supervision process, which reduces the pressure on the counsellor to produce an outcome at the cost of the process and the working relationship. The ethical principals of counselling are intended as a guide and framework for the responsibilities of counsellors: showing consideration for the trust of participants, respecting their independence, committing to the promotion of the well-being of all participants and at a minium, to do no harm, to respect each individual and treat everyone justly and without bias, and seeking professional development (Egan, 2007). The obligation to work ethically will improve provision and the reception of services, and allow opportunities for development for both parties to take place. The supervisor has a responsibility to ensure that confidentiality is maintained, and any information obtained in a clinical or consulting relationship is discussed only for professional purposes and only with persons clearly concerned with the case (ACA, 2009). Different ways of evaluating the supervisory process can be important both for the supervisor and the supervisee. Establishing a contract for the supervisory relationship makes evaluation easier. The contract should include the students developmental needs, the supervisors competencies, and supervisory goals and methods (Stoltenberg Delworth, 1987). Ground rules set up at the start are important to clarify the expectations of the supervisor as well as the supervisee, and that the responsibility for success of the process rests with both parties. As part of the contract it is important to discuss what can and cant stay confidential. Throughout the supervision process, the supervisor is responsible for evaluating the quality of the supervisory relationship (Powell, 1993). Occasionally things happen between a supervisor and supervisee that has nothing to do with the individuals themselves, but with what and who the person reminds them of. Feelings can be transferred from other associations onto the supervisor. Also the feelings a supervisor may experiences towards a supervisee can be linked to experiences and associations in the past. In order to ensure the safety of both parties the practitioners must subscribe to a set code of practice and ethics (Powell, 1993). Personal Experience My personal experience of supervision has for the most part been very general, discussing casework and looking for feedback, ideas and strategies, and wide-ranging discussions concerning my personal experiences. My practicum has involved spending three hours a week at a local mens hostel, with some time set aside for discussion, coffee, and exchange of ideas. This time has been most helpful in dealing with feelings of frustration that arise, that can be very challenging for me and could present difficulties if not addressed. The assistance can come in the form of a reminder that it is not really about me, that change cannot be forced from the outside, or just a comment that things move slowly, and a positive outcome may take years. Unfortunately, there are few unique cases at the hostel, even if these cases are challenging and complex. Many of the individuals in residence present with dual diagnosis, and are well known to staff. There are no quick fixes or easy solutions, and staff cannot indulge in irritation or frustration over lack of resolutions. Sometimes, there will be no resolution or positive outcome. One resident was feeling very positive and looking forward to work one week, but was unable to return in subsequent weeks due to drug and alcohol use. I still that he will be able to return at a later date. It is also very distressing to see such young people with permanent impairment from drug and alcohol use, and realise that no amount of counselling or medical treatment will be able to provide them with a standard type of existence. Supervision can be used as a place to debrief, to share experiences, and brainstorm alternatives. It can be very reassuring to have someone to fall back on, and gain support from, in challenging or complex situations. I find it very useful to be able to talk things through, and then come to an individual understanding and acceptance of any given situation. Seeking a second opinion, background information on a resident and discussing approaches seems to make up most of supervision time, and some other functions of supervision have also happened more informally, over a cup of coffee in the staff room, particularly in relation to future employment. Unsurprisingly, as graduation draws nearer, it is also the career development aspect of supervision that has taken up a great deal of my thoughts where to go next, what sort of work would I best be suited to, what type of educational opportunities do I see coming up. This has for me been very valuable, as I can seek advice and tips from people in the field, and get a genuine appreciation for what it means to work in this field. Overall, I think it is generally expected, and helpful, for those who receive supervision to do some preparation before starting supervision, and to build up an awareness of what the supervision is to achieve. Not to consider it an obligation but as an opportunity to develop as a more effective counsellor Reviewing and reflecting on casework is a good way to think through what has happened in the past week, and where it will take us. Preparation can also help with bringing concerns and questions to ask supervisor, with seeking confirmation and clarification, and start the thought processes about what I need from the supervisor. Evaluation Fundamental to developmental models of supervision is the theory that as people and counsellors we are continuously growing and maturing; like all people we develop over time, and this development and is a process with stages or phases that are predictable. In general, developmental models of supervision define progressive stages of supervisee development from novice to expert, each stage consisting of discrete characteristics and skills (Bradley Ladany, 2000). Stoltenberg and Delworth (1987) depict a developmental model with three levels: beginning, intermediate, and advanced. In each level a counsellor may begin in an imitative way and move toward a more competent, self-assured and self-reliant state for each level. Beginning supervisees would find themselves relatively dependent on the supervisor to understand or explain client behaviours and mind-sets and establish plans for intervention. Intermediate supervisees would depend on supervisors for an understanding of more complex clients, but would be irritated at suggestions about more simple cases. Resistance is characteristic of this stage, because the supervisees sense of self cab feel easily threatened. Advanced supervisees function independently, seek consultation when appropriate, and feel responsible for their own choices. For example, at my current beginner stage, I am expected to have limited skills and lack confidence as a counsellor, as I am only starting out as a trainee. With more time on the job, I should develop more skills and confidence, and perhaps conflicting feelings about perceived independence/dependence on my supervisor. In a later developmental stage, I would be expected to show high level communication abilities, good problem-solving skills and be reflective about the counselling and supervisory process (Haynes, Corey, Moulton, 2003). An awareness of these development stages can be very comforting, as I am not expected to be perfect on the first day on the job, or know everything about the field immediately. Rather, the expectation is that I have a capacity to learn, grow and improve, and each day be a little bit better. Supervision and professional development is important as it assists in the maintenance and improvement of my standard of practice. It can incorporate self directed and assisted learning, on the job training and coaching, include education through case discussions and presentations, and learning from our successes and mistakes (Powell, 1993). It is very encouraging to know that supervision can be something in addition to just making things clearer or providing a fresh approach to casework. Something more than focus and insight from a third party, or a sign that I am on the right track, or the opportunity to vent my frustrations concerning clients. In counselling, it has been put forward that supervision be entrenched into a broader discussion of lifelong learning, where supervision is viewed as one of a range of support and learning tools that counsellors may be encouraged to access (McMahon and Patton, 20002). Lifelong learning is being seen as essential for everyone, and, just as supervision in focused on preventing burn out and promoting personal development, lifelong learning is also primarily focused on sustaining longevity and endurance within working life (Holmes, 2002). Learning is the process of individuals constructing and transforming experience into knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, beliefs, emotions (Holmes, 2002), all of which are also sought after outcomes of supervision, and of practical use in counselling. Supervision encourages counsellors to reflect on their knowledge, skills, values and beliefs in order to bring to supervision an account of their experience, and through supervision transform it in such a way that it is significant and substantial, and able to be transferred into their work and personal learning (McMahon and Patton, 20002). Assisting and promoting the supervisees learning and professional development is primarily a matter of providing appropriate teaching and learning environments (Stoltenberg Delworth, 1987) and may involve the supervisor in providing students with opportunities to reflect on their values and to examine the influence of such values in the counsellors work with clients. The aim is to take full advantage of and recognise growth needed for the future, continuously identifying new areas of growth in a life-long learning process (McMahon and Patton, 20002). Conclusion Administrative supervision is something I am very familiar with after working in the public service for a dozen years. More often as peer supervision due to availability of personnel and cost, but also group and one-on-one supervision applied to different kinds of tasks. It was an activity that I found very helpful for my work, as it allowed me to be more efficient, effective, provide a more professional output, and to promote information sharing concerning best practice, improvements and innovations. This kind of supervision was strictly impersonal, and all about work. Unfortunately, there was little attention paid to the workers, and their well being, growth and development. Counselling supervision, on the other hand, has an extra dimension that is not considered when dealing with purely administrative matters. It takes a more holistic view of helping others, and acknowledges that we cannot help others unless we also help ourselves. Counselling supervision acknowledges that the counsellor is a part of the dialogue, and cannot be removed from the equation, and so takes steps to limit harm for all parties, to ensure that prejudices or preconceptions of the counsellor do not impact on any therapeutic relationship. Counselling supervision takes it that extra step to look at supporting the counsellor in their work, and in their development. Egan focuses very well on this when he looks at a certain level of self-knowledge, self-awareness and maturity as an essential requirement to being an effective counsellor (Egan, 2007). Supervision provides a space where counsellors can acknowledge and challenge any blind spots, overcome biases and become better counsellors. An appropriate supervisory relationship can help broaden therapeutic skills. It can be used to develop interventions and provide insights for assessments. Supervision can be used to focus on relational issues in order to cultivate patient/client resources, and to build up and support a counsellors own therapeutic influence. Supervision should enable counsellors to acquire new professional and personal insights through their own experiences.

Differences Between E Commerce And E Business Information Technology Essay

Differences Between E Commerce And E Business Information Technology Essay Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce or eCommerce, consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown extraordinarily with widespread Internet usage. The use of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transactions lifecycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well. A large percentage of electronic commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items such as access to premium content on a website, but most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in some way. Online retailers are sometimes known as e-tailers and online retail is sometimes known as e-tail. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web. Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses is referred to as business-to-business or B2B. B2B can be open to all interested parties (e.g. commodity exchange) or limited to specific, pre-qualified participants (private electronic market). Electronic commerce that is conducted between businesses and consumers, on the other hand, is referred to as business-to-consumer or B2C. This is the type of electronic commerce conducted by companies such as Amazon.com. Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where the buyer is directly online to the sellers computer usually via the internet. There is no intermediary service. The sale and purchase transaction is completed electronically and interactively in real-time such as Amazon.com for new books. If an intermediary is present, then the sale and purchase transaction is called electronic commerce such as eBay.com. Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions. TechEncyclopedia Electronic-commerce means selling products online via the Web. Also called e-business, e-tailing and I-commerce. Although in most cases e-commerce and e-business are synonymous, e-commerce implies that goods can be purchased online, whereas e-business might be used as an umbrella term for a total presence on the Web, which would include the e-commerce shopping component. E-commerce may also refer to electronic data interchange (EDI), in which one companys computer queries the inventory and transmits purchase orders to another companys computer. Investopedia Financial Dictionary Electronic Commerce à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ ecommerce is a type of business model, or segment of a larger business model, that enables a firm or individual  to conduct business over an electronic network, typically the internet. Electronic commerce operates in all four of the major market segments: business to business, business to consumer, consumer to consumer and consumer to business. Also sometimes written as e-commerce or eCommerce. Columbia Encyclopedia E-commerce conducted over the Internet, most often via the World Wide Web. E-commerce can apply to purchases made through the Web or to business-to-business activities such as inventory transfers. A customer can order items from a vendors Web site, paying with a credit card (the customer enters account information via the computer) or with a previously established cybercash account. The transaction information is transmitted (usually by modem) to a financial institution for payment clearance and to the vendor for order fulfillment. Personal and account information is kept confidential through the use of secured transactions that use encryption technology Impact of e-commerce Studies in the developed economies have shown that e-commerce will eventually have a far-reaching effect on the world economy because it will revolutionize the way businesses and consumers conduct their business transactions. Some have argued that e-commerce will deepen disintermediation process as producers can sell direct to consumers. For example, Christensen and Tedlow published in Harvard Business Review (January-February 2000) suggest that e-commerce will change the structure of retailing in the US in favour of fewer number of traditional intermediaries. The wide-spread impact of e-commerce is due to lower transaction costs. Using the transaction costs theory, studies have shown that e-commerce will reduce transaction costs of firms and hence final product prices. According to the transaction costs theory, price of a product has three elements: production costs, coordination costs, and profit margin. As firms find better ways to coordinate their activities through electronic channels, their transaction costs will fall. As the industry better manages real time information based on e-commerce, firms can also improve their inventory management and thus reduce inventory costs. Reduced transaction costs benefit both consumer and producer. While consumers will gain access to a broad-based selection of lower priced goods, producers are likely to see higher demand for their products. Furthermore, in the Internet age, people and firms will be connected with highly capable interactive capacity. Through the information highway, consumers will have free market choices, and firms will have almost unrestricted market access. This offers opportunities as well as poses threats to businesses. The impact of e-commerce can be traced at the industry and consumer levels. It can also be traced at the macroeconomy level. It is however important to note that the full impact of e-commerce on an economy depends on several factors such as the rate at which the economy (i.e. firms and the population) adopts e-commerce. This in turn is determined by other factors such as the cost of computers and software, computer and telephone penetration rates, security, manpower, and telecommunication infrastructure. At the industry level, e-commerce will result in some rationalization of activities. Firms will need to undertake investment in an appropriate computer system to implement e-commerce. They will undertake new activities which are knowledge-intensive. Through the adoption of e-commerce, firms will demand for a new kind of workforce, particularly those with a higher level of computer literacy. This new demand will have an immediate and far-reaching implication on the provision of training in the country. Firms will be pre-occupied with technology selection and investment. This task is quite demanding, particularly when the telecommunications and computer technologies are changing at a rapid pace. To keep up with modern technologies, firms cannot ignore continuous investment in human resource. E-commerce will further shorten product cycles of the industry. Through e-commerce, firms will have fast knowledge of what customers want. Firms can use this knowledge to guide the development of their product lines and to identify new growth areas at their earlier stages. With customer information in hand, firms can promote both up-selling and cross-selling. It is expected that e-commerce will also help small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMIs) to gain greater market reach for their products and services. In fact, e-commerce can be an efficient and economical way for many SMIs to enter an export market. E-commerce offers consumers a wide range of new opportunities to do direct shopping and banking using the convenience of a home computer or other communication devices. Consumers will also benefit in terms of lower final prices due to lower transaction costs as described above. Looking ahead, e-commerce will lead to some fundamental changes in the way firms relate to consumers and the way firms compete with each other. This is because, through e-commerce consumers will have a wider and direct access to producers of goods and services without intermediaries. With a wider choice of products and services offered to them, they can cast their preferences by describing what they want. In this environment, e-commerce will hasten the shift of market power of consumers, from a product taker to a product maker. As a result, this process will lead to greater competition among firms to protect their market share. For the economy as a whole, e-commerce will result in higher investment by the Government, firms and consumers. Coupled with higher investment in IT, e-commerce will result in higher efficiency and productivity of the economy. In this light, e-commerce will contribute to higher total factor productivity of the Malaysian economy which is needed to sustain economic growth in the long term. E-commerce will create new activities and a variety of new industries which utilize IT. This will lead to the creation of new job opportunities. The increased investment mentioned above and the emergence of new IT-based industries will lead to a higher level of economic activity to support economic expansion and growth. Following the reduction in the transaction costs, e-commerce will also improve the level of efficiency and productivity in the economy. Industries will re-organize their activities to conform with the emergence of a new industrial structure of the country. Definitions and differences of e-commerce and e-business E-commerce describes the process of buying, selling, transferring or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. E-business is somewhat broader concept. In addition to the buying and selling of goods and services, e-business also refers to servicing customers, collaborating with business partners and performing electronic transactions within an organization. In my opinion, the differences between two of them are not obvious. E-commerce refers to all transactions of business that being made through Internet. It involved money transaction between organizations and customers in a buying and selling process using the Internet. Meanwhile, e-business refers to all of type of businesses entity such as company, enterprise and others which are doing business using the Internet. Business entity use the Internet and other electronic network in all of their operations and daily processes involved. E-business becoming e-commerce when a transaction happens between two organizations. There is no e-commerce without e-business and e-business need e-commerce to survive. Issues, problems and threats in e-commerce and e-business In e-commerce, it is difficult to apply law that usually done in physical world. Many cyber crimes made cannot be justified in court because of lacking the law itself, geographical factors that separate different countries with different laws, and others. People are free to do whatever they like in the Internet including pornography and drugs selling without even caught or sued just because the physical law cannot be applied in Internet. Besides that, there are many frauds that we can find in e-commerce. Sometimes the company is not even exist but still it offer something to sell and people realized after a transaction was made, the product is still do not reach to them. Some business offer product that cost you price that unacceptable high compare to others even if the quality and features are same. Frauds can happen in many ways especially when it involving cyber product. In Internet, there is too much information that hard for us to filter and absorb. An information overload is one of the problems that e-commerce face nowadays. People find it difficult when it has too many websites that offer same product even they have right to choose but it also take time to filter all the related websites. In addition, certain areas do not have Internet coverage so e-commerce cannot reach the people in there. This happen due to certain geographical factors like people live in the mountains, desert, rural areas and others. They must go to nearest city to get Internet coverage and this is difficult to done if it will cost them effort, time and money to do that. Threats in e-commerce must be tackled seriously because in Internet, people can do anything without having fear to be caught or sued. Such threats like human trafficking, drugs selling firearms smuggle, child pornography and others are serious crime in physical world. Yet there are happening and still growing due to Internet usage in e-commerce and this is why we cannot let it done freely without observation and law practice on the threats. Opportunities, advantages and benefits in e-commerce and e-business The importance of both is to catch up with globalization that require IT as medium to doing business as the world has no border anymore with the Internet application. People nowadays are connecting with each other around the world easier than decades ago with Internet and other electronic networks. The world has no boundaries anymore and it offer very much opportunities to businesses around the world to develop. The benefits that we can get is we can have as many customer as we can if we are the organization that doing business using Internet. People all around the world are using Internet as their new medium of shopping and searching for something new. Companies took advantages on it and try hard to sell their products and services although there are companies that fail to achieve their target on e-commerce. Besides that, consumers now have bigger power to choose products. They can easily online and choose their favourite products from different companies which usually undone in physical world. We usually find it difficult to choose from one product to another or from one company to another, but Internet make it simpler and easier for customers so they donà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t even go to shop by shop to buy what they like. They just click. The advantage of e-commerce and e-business to organization is we can make the transactions easier between customers and our organization by simply clicking the computer and do it online. We can also buy certain product that is difficult to find in certain area such as Kashmir fabrics in East Asia or a product that doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t offered in physical world such as e-book. In addition, the transactions done become faster and require no attendance to the outlet itself by customers. People who using Internet to shop realize that it become useful to them as the Internet is free, and you can shop at anytime, anywhere and at any situation, The opportunity of both is we can spread our business and market worldwide to increase profit and maximum the knowledge of customers about our company/ organization/ business. Many ordinary people or small business makes huge profit in e-commerce such as the founder of Amazon.com. New medium of marketing is created and organizations all around the world are taking advantages in e-commerce and e-business. Whether they set up a new business or upgrading the existing one, they are all realize that this is the time to grab big opportunity to gain high profit including customer satisfaction.

Creative Story: Positraction :: essays research papers

Creative Story: Positraction It was a cold night and Roger Katmandoo ( a 89 year old man) sat on his front porch. His rocking chair squeeked as he rocked back and forth. Right then a pair of hedlights came on and were shining right in Mr. Katmandoo's eyes. The headlights came closer towards Roger as the car's engine screamed. The car was right at the curb, and it keep going right up into Roger's yard. " Shit" he yelled as the red 67' Courger drove through his well kept lawn. "Jesus Palamesus" He hollared "U gonna die U sack of shit" Then the car stoped and flashed A gun out the winder as Roger pulled up a loose board in the floor of the porch and grabbed his machine gun. " Youin's best be gett'n out a here" he bluffed "or I will have to kick your little punk asses" Then th ecar speed off leav'n positraction tire marks all in Mr. Katmandoo's yard. Then when the car was half in the street and half in Roger's yard they all yelled "Hey Fuck-o" and speed off. "You little bastards callin me a buck-o" Roger yelled as his hudge buck teeth bit his bottom lip " I'll kick your ass". Then Roger jumped In his shit brown FORD truck and started the engine (well I mean tried to start the engine because he had to pull start it). Then he speed out of his driveway and took off with smoke coming from the tires (and from under the hood). He caught up with the Cougar and started hanging out the window trying to hit the car but he couldn't hold the steering wheel and do bash the car at the same time. So he got THE CLUB out from underneath his seat and put it on the steering wheel. So he got the Baseball bat and started hanging out the window hitting the car. The guy in the Cougar started swirved and Roger fell out of his car and flew underneath the wheel of the Cougar while he was yelling "I'll kick your ass" and crunched Roger leaving blood and guts all over the freeway. But Roger's skull stuck into the Cougar's hub cap. The cougar spun out of controll and flipped then hit the gaurd rail and went fling accross the freeway into oncoming traffic. And uuhh oh here comes the undertaker's truck full of dead bodies. Creative Story: Positraction :: essays research papers Creative Story: Positraction It was a cold night and Roger Katmandoo ( a 89 year old man) sat on his front porch. His rocking chair squeeked as he rocked back and forth. Right then a pair of hedlights came on and were shining right in Mr. Katmandoo's eyes. The headlights came closer towards Roger as the car's engine screamed. The car was right at the curb, and it keep going right up into Roger's yard. " Shit" he yelled as the red 67' Courger drove through his well kept lawn. "Jesus Palamesus" He hollared "U gonna die U sack of shit" Then the car stoped and flashed A gun out the winder as Roger pulled up a loose board in the floor of the porch and grabbed his machine gun. " Youin's best be gett'n out a here" he bluffed "or I will have to kick your little punk asses" Then th ecar speed off leav'n positraction tire marks all in Mr. Katmandoo's yard. Then when the car was half in the street and half in Roger's yard they all yelled "Hey Fuck-o" and speed off. "You little bastards callin me a buck-o" Roger yelled as his hudge buck teeth bit his bottom lip " I'll kick your ass". Then Roger jumped In his shit brown FORD truck and started the engine (well I mean tried to start the engine because he had to pull start it). Then he speed out of his driveway and took off with smoke coming from the tires (and from under the hood). He caught up with the Cougar and started hanging out the window trying to hit the car but he couldn't hold the steering wheel and do bash the car at the same time. So he got THE CLUB out from underneath his seat and put it on the steering wheel. So he got the Baseball bat and started hanging out the window hitting the car. The guy in the Cougar started swirved and Roger fell out of his car and flew underneath the wheel of the Cougar while he was yelling "I'll kick your ass" and crunched Roger leaving blood and guts all over the freeway. But Roger's skull stuck into the Cougar's hub cap. The cougar spun out of controll and flipped then hit the gaurd rail and went fling accross the freeway into oncoming traffic. And uuhh oh here comes the undertaker's truck full of dead bodies.

Nature and Death in In Memory of My Dear Grandchild and Upon Wedlock an

Nature and Death in In Memory of My Dear Grandchild and Upon Wedlock and Death of Children Literature delivers or expresses ideas according to the social and cultural settings of the particular time of the writers. Even though it is designed to be in a certain time frame, the concepts overlap each other. The poems "In memory of my dear grandchild" by Anne Bradstreet, "Upon wedlock and death of children" by Edward Taylor though were written in different eras, they have a common concept "death". The writers in their poems describe that death is a natural process and compare it with different aspects of nature. Anne Bradstreet (1612-1672) and Edward Taylor (1642-1729) are both early American litterateurs, and are firm believers in the Puritan experiment in America. Anne Bradstreet was the daughter of Thomas Dudley, and got married to Simon Bradstreet when she was sixteen years old. She received a better education than other young women did of her times. Due to her childhood diseases and deadly, childbirth experiences, she became very weak. She had to lead a life full of hardships in the new land. Although her distress is not hidden, faith in God is also the prominent object in her works. Edward Taylor was a son of a yeoman farmer, went to Harvard for higher education, and became a teacher for a while. He was not involved with the church and instead became a puritan minister. He wrote poems for his own pleasure and not as a part of religious service. He too believed in the puritan experiment in America. The poems chosen of these two writers are about death immediate family members . Although, both the writers have different intentions, they associate death with some aspects of nature. There is a common mechanics ... ...and most of all they had the common Faith in God. They both take death as a natural process of life and do not protest to God regarding the loss of their beloved. Instead they solaced themselves by saying that it was God's and so he took it away. There is a constant comparison between nature and death in the works of these writers. One belief that is prominent is that everything in nature ends (including humans); it is just the difference in time frame. Meaning that some die early and some livelong than the others. Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor are from different periods of the history of American literature, but they have the same belief system. They both have faith in God that He is the one to decide about everything's destiny. They support their belief by exemplifying it with the way the world is organized that is anything that is born has to end.

The Reluctant Receptionist

The Reluctant Receptionist Why was it important to be specific when describing job duties? The importance of being specific when describing job duties is very important. Having a well effectively developed employee job description is a communication tool between the employee and employer and it can determine the success between the employee and employer. Having a poorly written job description can add confusion to the workplace, also a lack of communication from the company. People working for the company may feel as if they do not know what is, to be expected of them.In this scenario not being accurate of the written job description created a problem because it was not written but it became a verbal description and it had nothing to do with what Virginia applied for. Virginia was not hired to be a receptionist, but was to relieve the receptionist for an hour a day. Virginia felt that this company did not take her seriously and felt unappreciated. Even though she has a college degree , and the job she applied for was an HR assistant not a fill in receptionist.The importance of job descriptions Employee job descriptions are written statements that describe the duties, responsibilities, and the qualifications of a particular job. Employee job descriptions are based on information obtained through a job analysis, understanding the skills required to accomplish the task that is needed, and the needs of the company. Having a well written job description can cover legal basis as well, if employment issue's should arise: it will define the ongoing job responsibilities for the employee.It will also identify the required knowledge , skills and abilities needed to be successful. What can be done in the future to prevent these problems, what are the job duties of an HR Assistant? In order from preventing this happening in the future is to be more detailed into what is expected of the job being performed. When writing a job description consider the task, duties, and respons ibilities and define each one if needed. Job Description for Human Resource AssistantHuman Resources Assistants are generally assigned to help Human Resource directors and managers keep track of employee information. This information could include an employee's name, address, job title, compensation, tax withholding information and benefits, such as retirement and insurance plans. Human Resource assistants also help with documentation concerning grievances, terminations, absences and performance reports. Duties of an Human Resource Assistant Human resources assistants may be required to complete a wide variety of duties.Common tasks include answering questions, opening mail, receiving and transferring phone calls, giving directions, creating and distributing documents and providing customer service. Assistants may be required to use either traditional paper filing systems in their work, or more commonly, a computer data entry system. Other functions human resources assistants may fu lfill include setting appointments, arranging meetings, maintaining calendars, copying files, entering data into computer systems and tracking payments or other financial information.Assistants may also be required to write reports for their managers, compile spreadsheets and prepare presentations. Because they work with the public, human resource assistants must be able to present themselves well and have good communication skills. Assistants must also be aware of privacy concerns and the importance of keeping information confidential. References: Education Portal http://education-portal. com/articles/Human_Resources_Assistant_Job_Description_Duties_and_Requirements. html Career Builder http://www. careerbuilder. com/? cbRecursionCnt=1

Philips and Matsushita: A New Century, a New Round Essay

Prior to the beginning of the cosmea War II, the Philips organization was in the babyhood stages of initiating a attainment of technological artwork within the attentions culture. They assume the position as number integrity in the industry, consistently underdeveloped y bring step uphful manuf performuring determines to preserve in stride with variations in the development of uncontaminating bulbs because the gild and do light bulbs and was non implicated in diversification like former(a) industry adversarys. Philips also was in the mathematical op timetion of converting longstanding plants in concord to keep step with carrefourion technology. Philips developed its crop pull in in the 1930s, going from producing light bulbs exclusively, to also producing vacuum tubes, radios and X-ray tubes. that Phillips asked more than the caller did not want to limit itself to Holland. Philips was looking for supra home(a) expansion.During this time, Holland was a l esser commercialize because of its amputate d declare population as compared to other competitor countries. Because of this, the family figured that merchandiseing a consider open amount of its products in revision to generate enough income to maintain the celerity making method Philips is using. Philips was then reborn into a alter connection with de concentrate sales and autonomous merchandise in 17 countries. So this this instant shows that hitherto though Philips is a high society domesticated to Holland, the majority of its sales come from the exporting of its products to other countries. The tradeing, advertising and promotions used for these products right off dep determinationed on the coarse the product was beingnessness sell in. So their marketing causal agency could not be universal. However, Phillips was refer sufficient to touch variables that altered the position of the company, said variables proving to be un assurelable for the company.Politi cal affairs were an organic part in transitioning the Philips into a mutli-national organization. During the extensive Depression, many nations implemented employment barriers and tariffs in send to help the domesticproducers and economy. Phillips was able to work around these hindrances by developing and maintaining facility/facilities in the apiece of the nations/markets they sold their products. The Nazi invasion of 1939 and the ensuing despotic of World War II, assisted Philips in its final result to relocate its assets in helper nations economies, specifically the US and England. R&D was moved to England, instruction to the USA. This caused Philips to rely on the independence and maintenance of the company to national organizations (NOs) since there was such acquit in company resources in those area. This turn out to be a positive development for Philips, allowing the company to serve to nation-specific roles faster than the competition. .Once the warfare ended, P hilips reaped the benefits of NO operation. Philips could now identify possible threats in a specific country in regards to industry/market and respond via production. Philips was also utilizing there competitive emolument in regards to the NOs in their research departments and their punishing existence in the local markets until the conclusion of the 1960s. After the 1960s, Philips competitive advantage became a harm. The NOs became a detriment in that Philips was having clog acting in one allow as a company. This insufficiency of organisational harmony made it in truth elusive for Philips to innovate new products, created a lack of economies of sales in regards to production, and keep the growth of the organization. The NOs started to do things in the scoop up by-line of the NO and not in the amour of Philips as a whole organization.Executives were no agelong able to g e trulywheren everywhere the company as a whole, which created a sort of organizational anarchy a nd order could not be keep for the world- all-inclusive company. For instance, Philips was unable to standardize the V2000 videocassette due to organizational disaccord. One part of Philips wanted to utilise larger manu facturing facilities to produce the VHS feeling it to be the most efficient growth. NOs, however, were did not want to do this because it would require local plant consolidation. Philips then implemented the Product air disagreement (PDs) in order to remediate the problems the company was having with the NOs, and this was unsuccessful. The company then began to regrets because of their inefficiency in providing the consumers with innovative products and the fact that their at once competitiveadvantage, the NOs, was now a disadvantage because of the lack of control Philips had over them.How did Matsushita surveil in displacing Philips as No. 1? What were its distinctive competencies and incompetencies?Prior to WWII, while Philips was in the growth of devel oping its NOs, Matsushita was in the process of entering the scene. Philips focused solely on light bulbs in contrast, Matsushita had a wide array of product offerings. With a parallel of latitude merger, Matsushita sold upwards to 5000 different products amongst 25000 retailers. These retail outlets furnished Matsushita the opportunity to connect the marketing scheme with the customer response to market trends. Even though Matsushita had a centralized R&D department, the bulk of products were made in PDs.Matsushitas innovation was minimal, simply where they lacked in innovation they made up for it in the expedience in which they got products out into the market. If a market became saturated at the local level, Matsushita strove to expand globally by using international maneuvers. That move proved successful when faced with an unstable and timid market. One of the better ideas the company had was to off-shore resilient aspects of manufacturing and production to nations with poor er economies, still the higher end products remained domestically produced. To postulate retiring(a) dis directation from American and European government lobbyist, Matsushita put plants in those nations as well, but the company made sure they had a heavy grasp of those plants which varied differently from the access code of competitor Philips. By doing this, the internationally merger of Matsushita remained constant.Subsidiaries were also under the scrutinizing eye of Matsushita. This was effectuate by having subsidiaries assimilate into the Matsushita corporate culture, doing so by dint of training subsidiaries in their counselling style and networking. Communication was perpetual through with(predicate) the use of phone conversations and faxes and GM outback(a) of Japan would pay off to travel to HQ for training in order to ascertain the assimilation method used was successful. By doing this, Matsushita was capable to garner cheaper prices for consumers in regards t o their products. This helped give them a great market partthan Philips in the industry. In regards to the colour in television, trade liberalization and lower shipping (Bartlett p.9), this helped in the company being able to export abundantly.Another factor that helped Matsushita propel past Philips in the industry was the companys getting headway in the color television market and its domination of the videocassette recorder market. Although Matsushita did not cause a truehearted brand name being comparatively new to the industry, it was able to maintain itself through by selling its products through discounters and sight merchandisers. In regards to the VCR market, Matsushita was able to gain full control. ab initio the company had its own version of VHS, but in 1975/76 the company decided to give up their own version in order to compete with Sonys Betamax and JVSs competing VHS. This garnered in great results, the company manufacturing capacity being 6.8 million units at its peak, because Matsushitas efficiency to produce at a greater and faster level than competitors caused them to be the industry leader, causing the competition to seek their VHS format.The overmatchside of this situation was the fact that global control of this finish gives the impression that creativity was halted regarding Matsushitas products. trading operations offshore were not consistent concerning R&D, which showed it to be an addition to the domestic R&D not able to act of its own accord. This was due to the fact that Matsushita had withal firm of a grasp over its global operations. American engineers were able to conduct with the constraints of this Matsushita, feeling it stifling to their work and hindering their professional development. In an effort to beleaguer this issue, Matsushita decided to outsources the companys innovation, but this did not work. An environmental factor occurred, the reach of the Japanese economy, which caused this strategy to be abando ned. What do you think of the change each company has made to date the objectives, the implementation, and the impact? wherefore is the change so hard for twain(prenominal) of them?Even though both(prenominal) companies, Matsushita and Philips, differed greatly in their tactics regarding organizational culture, they both were very conventional. And for a time, both methods were successfully. Initially Philips wasindustry leader, only to be later on topped by Matsushita. Matsushita established a centralized organization domestically and controlled overseas operations and subsidiaries. Conversely, Philips decentralized its company globally and took a hands off rise to managing the NOs until organizational unification proved very hard to accomplish. Then Philips and Matsushita tried to assemble management styles, taking notes from one another. some(prenominal) companies wanted to take the best methods from each other and discard unsuccessful measures that were taken. Electron ics covers a vast array of items within that industry, so the best way to handle that market would be a tough centralized organization that encourages innovation of new catechumen products and is malleability allows the company to respond to the variation of the demands of markets overseas.Philips went through many different chief operating officers and in the 70s tried to incorporate the top do plants into the International Production Centers (IPCs), which was designed to go forth the vast amount of NOs. This was an unsuccessful inclination because the company greatly miscalculated the strength of the NOs. With no clear course for the organization as an international structure, the NOs were still in charge. press release into the 80s, lowering performing plants were shut down by Philips, causing a division of two groups within the company, i.e. core and non-core. In order to rectify the situation, Philips tried to purchase North American Philips Corp, a subsidiary. In the be ginning, this was a success. However, profligacy of company resources caused the R&D cypher to be trim back by 50% which devastated the company. Products coming out of R&D were no longer good.The 90s saw flat more budget reduction, which trickled down to R&D creating a lack of innovation and loss of revenue. If Philips had cut spending in other areas away of R&D, the company could have been more competitive. This R&D reduction is due large and in part to the fact that the company was decentralized making it very hard to have corporate collaboration, even if by chance an innovative product was developed. Additionally, the changes that the various chairman in the Philips caller made were structural in spirit and did not address the organizational process and culture which is at the root to an organizations success.Matsushita was on the opposite side of the spectrum. The organization now bequeathing more power to its overseas subsidiaries, but it didnt work. The 80s brought about Matsushitas transaction Localization, giving management in the local market the autonomy to pick out which products they felt would do best in their area. Many of the headquarters changed location during this era as well. The 90s saw economic decline in the electronics industry in Japan, creating a vast amount of overhead. Since Matsushita did not have the choice of restricting, plants in Japan began to decline. To rectify this situation and increase sales, Matsushita alter their management style with one that has a little more of a laissez-faire partial derivative regarding contrasted markets. That would help with their issues in innovation in those areas.What overall strategic recommendations would you cook up to Gerald Kleisterlee? To Eumio Ohtsubo?Gerald Kleisterlee should decentralize Philips as much as possible. The Headquarters in Holland should be move and to whichever market is the biggest. By doing this, Philips would be able to more efficiently service the consumer and do so faster. The company also needfully to pull more resources to the R&D department. This would help Philips the opportunity to essentially have more innovative product line and to betterment past the competition.Eumio Ohtsubo needs to riposte back to tried and true methods. A centralized operation with strict control over overseas operation is best suited for Matsushita. Outsourcing R&D was a very good idea for the company and should continue to be explored. And having the ability to get products to the market quickly would enhance the progress of this company.Philips had a multi-domestic strategy. The flaw of this strategy was confine control over NOs and lack of organizational unity. Matsushita had a global strategy. The flaw of this strategy was that the control the company had on foreign operations conquer innovation. Both companies should move towards a transactional strategy. Doing so would overcome both the flaws of lack ofcontrol over NOs and stifled innovation. Bibliography1.Bartlett, Christopher A. Philips versus Matsushita The Competitive Battle Continues. Harvard Business work Case 910-410, December 2009. 2.Life, World, MBA and man Philips vs Matsushita. Life, World, MBA and Universe Philips vs Matsushita. N.p., n.d. Web. 01 Apr. 2013. 3.Tensa, Greg. Phillips Vs Matsushita. N.p., n.d. Web.

Political Globalization Essay

Traditionally, globalisation is equated with modern economic culture. Modern economic phylogenesis is the institutionalization of capitalist structures which aimed to create the so-called uniform ground market. However, in recent decades however, social theorists were able to capitulum two fundamental governmental faultings. The first transformation involved the development of nation-states one of the requisites of globalization (modern semi governmental institutions are necessary to achieve economic development in the rubric of modern economic theory).The stand by transformation involved the end of ideological struggle between Communism and Western democracy. In the siemens transformation, policy-making globalization was manifested. After the Second military personnel War, the world was divided into two camps the Eastern commie bloc and the West (known as the Cold War). many developing countries those in the Third World became pawns of the join States and the Sov iet Union. In 1990, the Soviet Union disintegrated, closure the Cold War.Thus, Western democracy became the norm of political development in many countries. Many countries choose Western type political institutions, in the believe of making democracy more participative (Held and McGrew, 2007). Corollary to this was the development of the so-called intergovernmental institutions. These institutions linked political power and geography. For example, the International malefactor Court was established to address specified crimes alike genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes.The court was involved in extremely controversial cases like the war in Serbia. By exercising its interstate authority, the court was able to put forward its democratic obligation. Not only was the internal political structure of the state determined, its external boundary was overly conditioned. Here we can juxtapose that political globalization occurred, Western type and under the guidance of the unify States. The unite States though acted discouraged some countries to pit in the proposed amendment to the charter of the International Criminal Court.The United States feared a sudden change of political fortunes of draw a bead on nations like China and the Russian Federation. The uniformization of legal norms would intemperately hamper the United States in forcing countries economic and political manifestations or favors. Reference Held, David and Anthony McGrew. 2007. Globalization. Retrieved on January 7, 2007 from http//www. polity. co. uk/global/globalization-oxford. asp.