War, And The Sinking Of The Maine Essay - 1299 Words

Shankman discusses the view of the war, and the sinking of the Maine, from the perspective of the Methodist church. Throughout the church there was varying opinions of the explosion and the war itself. Some people believed that the war would be necessary, while others believed there was no need for a war. IN an editorial from a New York Methodist newspaper in April 1898: Should we now go to war, insisted the Syracuse Northern Christian Advocate, our cause will be just, and Methodism will be ready to do its full duty. Every Methodist preacher will be a recruiting officer† (Shankman, 1973). However, in the south, the Southern Christian Advocate pushed for people to help send aid to the Cubans that are refugees and on the island; some groups even set up soup kitchens and churches donated some money as charity. These opinions helped spread the divide after the attack on the Maine: Generally, the Methodist press advised that rash accusations were unjust and foolish. The Nashville Christian Advocate suspected that the explosion had been the work of a misguided Spaniard or resulted from a fire on the Maine, and it thought that all premature judgments on the cause of the sinking did more harm than good. (Shankman, 1973) That view did not last long, by April 14 it was believed that the sinking of the USS Maine was not a mere accident, The Atlanta Wesleyan Christian Advocate first believed that Spanish perfidy had caused the catastrophe but later decided some hotheadsShow MoreRelatedThe United States Involvement During The Civil War1180 Words   |  5 Pagesyear of 1898, Spain declared war on the United States. The U.S. prime objective was for the true Cuban independence. In pursuing such goal, the string of conflicts began with the inhumane treatment of Cuban civilians in concentration camps by the Spanish, ‘yellow journalism,† and the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. The United States involvement in the war was a combination of all of these factors; however, the most influential factor was the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine. The outrage of American citizensRead MoreThe Battle Of The Uss Maine1458 Words   |  6 PagesOn April 19th, 1898, the United States declared war on Spain. Over the next three months the United States, along with Cuban Rebels waged war against the Spanish forces in hopes of returning the Cuban lands back to its people. President McKinley who was pressured into war by yellow press, sent American forces into battle which ultimately led to the birth of a western hemispheric super power, the United States. The sinking of the USS Maine, the use of yellow press journalism, and the national uproarRead MoreCause Of The Spanish American War1562 Words   |  7 PagesCauses of the Spanish-American War - In April of 1898, America declared war against Spain and this was a result of the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana in February of that same year. After months of war and wrangles, the war came to an end after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on the 10th of December in 1898.1 The end of the war saw that the Spaniards had loss complete control over majority of their remaining empires that were aboard including Cuba, Philippines Islands, Puerto Rico, andRead MoreThe End of a New Beginning Essay969 Words   |  4 PagesThunderous booms and bangs sounded the evening of February 15, 1898. The battleship Maine exploded on the harbors in Havana, Cuba. Panicky passengers scurried frightened to safety, while some remained trapped, helplessly, with no possible escape. Startled survivors searched for crew members and friends. The battleship which detonated into several pieces sank to the ocean floor dragging rapt wounded and dead. Two-hundred and sixty-six of the three-hundred and fi fty-five officers, crew members, sailorsRead MoreCause Of The Spanish American War1406 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of the Spanish-American War In April of 1898 America finally declared war against Spain and this was as a result of the sinking of the Battleship Maine in Havana in February of the same year. After months of war and wrangles, the war came to an end after the signing of the Treaty of Paris on 10th of December 1898.1 The end of the war saw the Spaniards loss complete control over majority of their remaining empires aboard including Cuba, Philippines Islands, Puerto Rico, and Guam among otherRead MoreEssay on What ´s Yellow Journalism?748 Words   |  3 Pagesnewspapers selling went up drastically after the blowing up of the battleship USS Maine. At 9:30 on February, 15 the USS Maine sinks in Havana Harbor. This starts the Spanish American War. Then newspaper owners William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer began having the sinking of the USS Maine all over the front pages. The dramatic style of yellow journalism contributed to creating public support for the Spanish American War. The term yellow journalism came from a popular New York World comic calledRead MoreSpanish War855 Words   |  4 Pagesthe Spanish American War in fact a splendid little war? What was splendid about it?   Yes it was in fact a â€Å"splendid little war†. There were a few things that made the Spanish American Was receive that nickname. The war lasted only 115 days and the death outcome was far less than any other war. The United States gained Puerto Rick as well as Guam and other islands in the pacific. In the book it stated that â€Å"If ever there were a good war, it was the Spanish-American war. The war ended with the signingRead MoreThe United States Of America And Spain Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesU.S. would act accordingly (hint, hint – war). This document shaped the United States as the sole enforcer of both commerce and democracy in the Western Hemisphere in the minds of its constituents. Thusly, it is the least bit unusual to see President McKinley asking to declare war against the Spanish in defense of his country’s interest. President William McKinley’s Declaration of War is written to the Congress of the United States as a plea to go to war in defense of American interests and theRead MoreThe Declaration Of The Spanish American War930 Words   |  4 Pagesimmediate causes for the declaration of the Spanish-American War are much more important than the underlying causes of the War. The immediate cause of the Spanish-American war was the sinking of the U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor. The long-term cause of the Spanish American War is the Yellow Journalism, Cuban economics, and the political roles made by President William Mckinley. All of the roles made by him went back to the reason the war started. The Yellow Journalism helped to create a conduciveRead MoreThe Spanish American War Essay894 Words   |  4 PagesThe Spanish American War, also known as â€Å"The Splendid Little War,† was a short-lived conflict between the United States and Spain in 1898. This war was a pretext for the Phi lippines War. During this time period Spain had control over several territories within the Caribbean because they were still a colonial power. Although Spain had control of the territories of Cuba and the Philippines, the inhabitants began to grow more and more rebellious as time passed. With the tension building between

Bartleby, The Scrivener, By Herman Melville And The Fall...

â€Å"Bartleby, the Scrivener† by Herman Melville and â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† by Edgar Allen Poe both use isolated characters in a main role. These stories deal with how the isolation of man leads to the death of humanity. In a historical reference, the isolation of mentally ill men and women led to gruesome and inhumane practices while in the care of other people. Through the Middle Ages and until the establishment of asylums, treatments for mental illness were offered by â€Å"humanistic physicians, medical astrologers, apothecaries, and folk or traditional healers† (MacDonald 175). Aside from secular exorcisms, prayers, charms, amulets, and other mystical treatments were available. Sedatives during the 17th century consisted of opium grains to â€Å"ease the torment† of mental illness (MacDonald 190). Some treatment options existed beyond family custody and care, such as housing the mentally ill in workhouses or checking them into general hospitals where they were usually abandoned. Private ‘madhouses’ were established and run by members of the clergy to treat the mentally ill that could afford care. The clergy ran these facilities treating the mentally ill as â€Å"medical practice was a natural extension of ministers’ duty to relieve the afflictions of their flocks† (Houston). Catholic nations regularly staffed mental health facilities with clergy, and most mentally ill individuals â€Å"in Russia were housed in monasteries until asylums spread to this region of the world in theShow MoreRelatedDark Romanticism As A Literary Genre Essay2034 Words   |  9 Pagescharacterizations that showed the dark side of this idea. â€Å"In opposition to the American Transcendentalism movement common themes included shunning civilizations, seeing nature as evil an d dangerous and portraying humanity as innately sinful and immoral.† (Herman Melville and Dark Romanticism.November 07) Dark romantic works typically followed the same aspects of characterization such as creepy symbols, horrific themes, and psychological effects of guilt and sin. Because of these dark aspects that the writers followed

Discussion about the Decreased Cortical Representation of Genital

Question: Discuss about the Decreased Cortical Representation of Genital. Answer: Introduction: Studies in the past have suggested a strong correlation between sexual assault and substance abuse. Although substance abuse has always been claimed as a major contributing factor to sexual violence inflicted on the college students, sexual violence can happen to any individual regardless of what the situation is, and whether the perpetrator is using drugs for intoxicating the victim or not (Post). However, if it is not merely for substance abuse, it is important to identify and assess the factors that contribute to sexual violence since sexual assault every year causes irrecoverable loss to the students of different colleges and Universities across the globe. The thesis statement of the present essay is that substance abuse is not always the cause of sexual assault in colleges. According to many, despaired people resort to substance abuse and the same pushes them to perpetrate sexual assault in the college campuses. Anger and frustration are indeed two common feelings found in the molester while perpetrating sexual violence on the college mates. However, people with substance abuse are not the only ones to suffer from despair. The young college students often are unable to live life up to full expectations. This is the time when most of them have left schools, and have entered the threshold of college life with the expectation of excelling well in their professional lives. However, this is also the time when the young students start becoming aware of the probable, bleak prospects of their career, and the uncertainty of life, as their awareness develops after reading the newspapers about the unemployment problems of their countries (Kempe). As sensitive as they are, they find it hard to reconcile themselves to the grim realities of life, and thus seek to fin d relief by deriving sexual pleasure in the most violent way. Besides, the unemployment problem is not always the only reason, as other factors such as political instability in the nations, regular conflicts between family members or even peer pressure can cause frustration in the college goers, that can make them incapable of deriving any sort of meaning in life. It is at this point of time that the college goers are found to engage in activities involving sexual assault. In such situations, drug addiction of the student does not have any role to play. It has been argued that drugs increase sexual impulsivity; hence the drug addict college students are found to perpetrate sexual assaults. However, it cannot be deemed to be the only reason behind sexual assault committed against college students. Since the time of adolescence, a large number of students start getting addicted to violent pornographic videos and contents that contribute to their aggressive and sexually dominating personality of some of the college goers. A recent research study conducted by Martin Daubney stated that exposure to explicit sexual content at an early age, can contribute to the development of the porn addiction, which is the ulterior cause behind the incidents of sexual assault as well (McCabey). Thus, porn addiction, and not substance abuse is here the reason. Besides, it is equally important to note here that more than often excessive intoxication and substance abuse are mostly deemed as the primary factors leading to the sexual assault in the college campuses. However, many research studies have claimed that the hook up culture, that dictates one to lead a cool, free and casual life, is equally or more responsible for causing on-campus sexual assault. TheNew York Times Magazinewriter Peggy Orenstein while discussing about her latest novel,Girls and Sex, stated that the perpetrators of sexual violence as well as the victims, fail to distinguish between casual sex and an act of sexual assault. Often the college students, being quite young, want to experience the unusual things, explore the new things, by resorting to reckless activities, that offer temporary pleasure, and sexual violence is one of them (DeMattio). Hence, the reckless attitude of the youngsters can also be deemed to be an important contributing factor here. Research suggests that 1 out of every 3 people accused of having committed sexual violence in college, have been found to have serious substance abuse issues (Kilmarti et al.). However, the less known fact that should be noted here is that research studies have also suggested that a high percentage of people found to have resorted to substance abuse, have claimed that they had suffered from sexual assault as a child. Hence, the counter-argument here is that just the way substance abuse is claimed to have caused sexual assault in the college campuses, there does not exist a necessarily direct relation between the two variables. Rather on the contrary it has been observed that those who had developed their addiction to certain drugs, had decided to do to push out and numb the awful memories of sexual abuse they experienced as a child (Cllere et al. ). According to a research article published in the Journal of Adolescent Health, The college students who had suffered from sexual abuse, and had decided to relieve the same, by resorting to substance abuse, cannot be expected to commit sexual assault on other people. Hence, substance abuse may not always cause sexual assault, though the latter can cause the former (Heim). To conclude, it should be noted that though substance abuse increases the risk of turning a simple college student into the perpetrator of sexual assault, it may not be the only reason causing the same. The cultural factors, as well as the personal traits of the individual can largely affect his character regardless of the fact that he resorts to drug abuse or not. Reference List: Cleere, Colleen, and Steven Jay Lynn. "Acknowledged versus unacknowledged sexual assault among college women."Journal of interpersonal violence28.12 (2013): 2593-2611. DeMatteo, David, et al. "Sexual assault on college campuses: A 50-state survey of criminal sexual assault statutes and their relevance to campus sexual assault."Psychology, Public Policy, and Law21.3 (2015): 227. Heim, Christine M., et al. "Decreased cortical representation of genital somatosensory field after childhood sexual abuse."American Journal of Psychiatry170.6 (2013): 616-623. Kempe, C. Henry. "Sexual abuse, another hidden pediatric problem: the 1977 C. Anderson Aldrich lecture."C. Henry Kempe: A 50 Year Legacy to the Field of Child Abuse and Neglect. Springer Netherlands, 2013. 179-192. Kilmartin, Christopher, and Alan D. Berkowitz.Sexual assault in context: Teaching college men about gender. Psychology Press, 2014. McCabe, Sean Esteban, et al. "Sexual orientation and substance abuse treatment utilization in the United States: Results from a national survey."Journal of substance abuse treatment44.1 (2013): 4-12. Post, Robert M., et al. "Verbal abuse, like physical and sexual abuse, in childhood is associated with an earlier onset and more difficult course of bipolar disorder."Bipolar disorders17.3 (2015): 323-330.

War Of The World By Wells Essays - Science Fiction

War Of The World By Wells In the society today, it is very common for one to spend his or her time reading. In those types of readings, science fiction stories are one of the most common readings among many people. Science fiction, unlike any other literature, has very unique characteristics. The definition of science fiction is ?fiction dealing principally with the impact of actual or imagined science on society or individuals having a science factor as an essential orienting component.? (Webster's Pg 1045) This means science fiction stories are based on dreams, hopes and fears of people in the society. Science fiction stories are characterized by the styles and methods. One of the most common methods of science fiction is prophetic extrapolation. Prophetic extrapolation is passages that science fiction writers focus on the ? development of science?(Science fiction III, Pg X) instead of ?science of today,?(Science fiction III, Pg X) such as sociology, biology, psychology or any kind of science. Prophetic extrapolation is the most important element of science fiction stories. It is what makes science fiction. The story of The War Of The World, by H. G. Wells, is a classical example of a science fiction story. Wells uses his imagination and the creativity to create the conflict between Earth and Mars. In the story, he introduces unknown creatures and the machines by using prophetic extrapolation. For examples, first, in the passage from chapter two he explains Martian's star ship. He writes, ? The uncovered part had the appearance of a huge cylinder, caked over and its out-line softened thick scaly dun-colored incrustation.? (The War Of The World, Pg 11) Wells create the star ship from his imagination and able to give readers a good image that it is something round object by the word choices. Second example is from chapter three, where Wells explain the appearance of Martians. In the passage he explains, ?Two large dark-colored eyes were reading me steadfastly. The mass that framed them, the head of the thing was round, and had, one might say, face. There was a mouth under the eyes, the lipless brim of which quivered and panted, and dropped saliva. The whole creature heaved and pulsated convulsively.? (The War Of The World, Pg 21) From this passage, because his well explanation, readers could receive unpleasant image of how Martian looks like. Last example is from the passage about heat ray in chapter five. It said, ?Suddenly there was a flash of light, and a quantity of luminous greenish smoke came out of the pit in three distinct puffs, which drove up, one after the other, straight into the still air.? (The War Of The World, Pg25) Wells vividly explains what took main character by surprised as if it really happened. As a reader, one is aware that these things do not exist. However, as a interesting point, although none of these things exist in the real world, it seems as if these creations exist for readers. It is because Wells' well use of prophetic extrapolation. When Wells explains about his creations from imagination, he gives examples based on the facts of society or science. It makes easer for readers to relate to the story. Because of Wells' examples, imaginations of the story become live and vivid and realistic. In the story of The War Of The World, by H. G. Wells, prophetic extrapolation was used well, and that is what made this story wonderful and exciting. There are many different types of science fiction writers today. They all have different styles or methods in each story. However, all the science fiction writers have one thing in common. . It is called prophetic extrapolation. Many science fiction writers use their imaginations, creativities and use ?number of different sources and apply in a number of fields? (Hand Out. Pg X) to make dreams, hopes, and fears come true in the stories. It is truly the unique characteristics of science fiction. Bibliography 1. James Gun. Science Fiction Volume 3. eds White Wolf Publishing. Clarkson, GA: 2. Webster, Merriam. Webster's Collegiate Dictionary Tenth Edition. Springfield MA:1996. 3. Wells H. G. The War Of The World Tom Doherty Associates, Inc. 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010: 1988.

Mouth Cancer essays

Mouth Cancer essays The choice that I have chosen to write about for this report is mouth cancer. I am personally interested in this type of cancer because of the fact that I play baseball. If you have ever seen a baseball game on television you would have somewhat of an idea that major leaguers chew tobacco quit often so I was interested in the risks that they put them selves into. I also wanted to know the other risks of getting mouth cancer because my dad had just recently had gum surgery because his dentist had recommended it so he could reduce his chances of getting cancer. Also I have many friends who chose to use chewing tobacco, and that smoke so I just was wondering how many years it could be before they started to show signs of cancer. There can be many different causes of mouth cancer but one the most original ways for someone to get the cancer is to use tobacco. Aetiological factors (acting on a genetically susceptible individual) include tobacco use (75% of people with oral cancer smoke), betel use (bidi leaf, and often tobacco, plus spices, slaked lime, and areca nut), alcohol consumption, a diet poor in fresh fruit and vegetables, infective agents, immune deficiency, and (in the case of lip carcinoma) exposure to sunlight (Porter, 2000). The exact cause of mouth cancer is not yet known. Smoking and other uses of tobacco are those are that are most commonly distinguished with mouth cancer. Heavy alcohol use is another factor that can also cause mouth cancer. Another factor that can also cause mouth cancer is poor dental hygiene. Many oral cancers begin as leukoplakia or mouth ulcers. Oral cancer accounts for about 8% of all malignant growths. Men are affected twice as often as women, particularly men over 40 years old are (website). Other causes of mouth cancer can include tertiary syphilis, discoid lupus erythematosus, dyskeratosis congenital, and Plummer-Vinson syndrome (Porter, 2000). There are many factors that you can lo...

Understanding Diffusion in Geography

Understanding Diffusion in Geography In geography, the term diffusion refers to the spread of people, things, ideas, cultural practices, disease, technology, weather, and other factors from place to place. This kind of proliferation is known as spatial diffusion. The three main types of this phenomenon are expansion diffusion, stimulus diffusion, and relocation diffusion.   Spatial Globalization is a form of spatial diffusion. Inside the home of an average American couple, youll find a good example of globalization. For instance, a womans handbag may have been made in France, her computer in China, while her spouses shoes may have come from Italy, his car from Germany, hers from Japan, and their furniture from Denmark. Spatial diffusion begins at a clear point of origin and spreads from there. How quickly and through what channels the diffusion spreads determines its class or category. Contagious and Hierarchal Expansion Expansion diffusion comes in two types: contagious and hierarchal. Infectious diseases are a prime example of contagious expansion. A disease follows no rules, nor does it recognize borders as it spreads. A forest fire is another example that fits this category. In the case of social media, memes and viral videos spread from person to person in contagious expansion diffusion as they are shared. Its no coincidence that something that spreads quickly and widely on social media is deemed going viral. Religions spread through contagious diffusion as well, as people must come in contact with a belief system to somehow to learn about and adopt it. Hierarchical diffusion follows a chain of command, something you see in business, government, and the military. The CEO of a company or the leader of a government body generally knows information before it is disseminated among a wider employee base or the general public. Fads and trends that start with one community before spreading to the wider public can also be hierarchical. Hip-hop music springing up in urban centers is one example. Slang expressions that owe their genesis to one particular age group before being more widely adopted- and perhaps eventually making it into the dictionary- would be another. Stimulus In stimulus diffusion, a trend catches on but is changed as it is adopted by different groups, such as when a certain religion is adopted by a population but the practices are blended with the customs of the existing culture. When slaves brought Voodoo, which has its origins in African tradition, to America, it was blended with Christianity, incorporating many of that religions important saints. Stimulus diffusion can also apply to the more mundane as well. Cat yoga, an exercise fad in the United States, is much different than the traditional meditative practice. Another example would be the menus of McDonalds restaurants from around the world. While they resemble the original, many have been adapted to suit local tastes and regional religious food doctrines. Relocation In relocation diffusion, that which moves leaves behind its point of origin but rather than simply being changed along the way or changing when it arrives at a new destination, it may also change points along the journey as well as the eventual destination, simply by being introduced there. In nature, relocation diffusion can be illustrated by the movement of air masses that spawn storms as they spread across a landscape. When people immigrate from country to country- or simply move from the country to the city- they often share cultural traditions and practices with their new community when they arrive. These traditions may even be adopted by their new neighbors. (This is especially true of food traditions.) Relocation diffusion can occur in the business community as well. When new employees come to a company with good ideas from their previous workplaces, smart employers will recognize the found knowledge as an opportunity and leverage it improve their own companies.

Financial Markets and Institutions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Financial Markets and Institutions - Assignment Example The basic foundation of a central bank serving as a lender of last resort is that in an economy, panics can occur which leads to bank runs. In such a situation, those maintaining deposits in commercial banks withdraw their funds from the bank as a result of economic speculation or fear over negative economic consequences. During a bank run, commercial banks can become insolvent, requiring the assistance of an institution (the central bank) to ensure that banks maintain liquidity is such a phenomenon occurs. Being the lender of last resort has become controversial, especially considering events during the recent global economic recession where many central banks injected capital into banks that were facing insolvency. Over-reliance on the central bank impacts other sectors in an economy. This essay explores the role of the central bank, emphasising why being a lender of last resort maintains many controversial implications from multiple perspectives. Evidence is that the controversy hails from irresponsible banking management and from poor fiscal policy developments concocted by the central bank itself. Central banks supply liquidity insurance to the commercial banking system which consequently endows liquidity insurance to other aspects of an economy, including corporations. Funds available for this action in a central bank encompasses notes held by public investors and reserves (deposits) sustained by a nation’s banks. These funds are manifested by the central bank as a result of autonomous will assuring that its value is comparable to products and services value in the economy. It is through these activities that an economy achieves macroeconomic stability. Concurrently, the central bank mandates the reserves that must be held by banks to insulate them from potential bank runs. Therefore, the central bank guarantees that commercial banks meet stringent standards of ensuring solvency. However, in 2007, many commercial

How is Seeing Enders Game a Political Action Essay

How is Seeing Enders Game a Political Action - Essay Example From a consumer perspective, the selection of a company preference is also influenced by the ideologies supported by the company. From a political perspective, if a CEO of a company cites his support for a political party, they risk being ignored by consumers with alternative opinions. For this reason, it is an accurate assumption that the ideologies of a person associated with a project will directly affect the market perception of the entire company. The same situation is experienced on the perception of Ender’s game. Â  Orson Scott Card has poor political ideologies. He is described as racist, homophobic and careless in making politically related comments. On more than one occasion, Orson has said extreme homophobic comments. At one instance, he said that gay people are a result of the genetic problem (Rugnetta, How is Seeing Enders Game a Political Action?). In addition, he said that gay people should be prosecuted for their actions. Most recently, he pointed out that Obama regime is similar to that of a dictator, and the government has put in place measure to destroy evidence that depicts the existence of global warming ((Rugnetta, How is Seeing Enders Game a Political Action?). These comments are viewed as political and social inappropriate in a social democracy and human rights are important factors. Indirectly, a person with a preference to watch the movie may be in support of the ideologies of its creator. In an argument by Rugnetta buying a movie ticket to the film indirectly depicts that a person supports the ideologies of Orson. The film further develops the assertion that the support of the film is associated with the support of the personal opinion by Orson (Rugnetta, How is Seeing Enders Game a Political Action?). From the developed argument, it is an obvious assertion that the personal ideas of Orson do not support human rights and democracy. Â  

Phar Mor Case Essay Example for Free

Phar Mor Case Essay Between 1985 and 1992, Phar-Mor grew from 15 stores to 310 stores in 32 states, posting sales of more than $3 bi11ion. By seemingly a11standards, Phar-Mor was a rising star touted by some retail experts as the next Wal-Mart. In fact, Sam Walton once announced that the only company he feared at a11in the expansion ofWal-Mart was Phar-Mor. Mickey Monus, Phar-Mors president, COO and founder, was a local hero in his hometown of Youngstown, Ohio. As demonstration of his loyalty, Monus put Phar-Mors headquarters in a deserted department store in downtown Youngstown. Monus-known as shy and introverted to friends, cold and aloof to others-became quite flashy as Phar-Mor grew. Before the fa11of his Phar-Mor empire, Monus was known for buying his friends expensive gifts and he was building an extravagant personal residence, complete with an indoor basketba11court. He was also an initial equity investor in the Colorado Rockies major league baseba11 franchise. This affiliation with the Colorado Rockies and other high profile sporting events sponsored by Phar-Mor fed Monus love for the high life and fast action. He frequently flew to Las Vegas, where a suite was always available for him at Caesars Palace. Mickey would often impress his traveling companions by giving them thousands of do11arsto gamble. Phar-Mor was a deep-discount retail chain se11inga variety of household products and prescription drugs at substantia11ylower prices than other discount stores. The key to the low prices was power buying, the phrase Monus used to describe his strategy of loading up on products when suppliers were offering rockbottom prices. The strategy of deep-discount retailing is to beat the other guys prices, thereby attracting the cost-conscious consumers. Phar-Mors prices were so low that competitors wondered how Phar-Mor could do it. Monus strategy was to underse11Wal-Mart in each market where the two retailers directly competed. Unfortunately, Phar-Mors prices were so low that Phar-Mor began losing money. Unwi11ingto a11owthese shortfa11sto damage Phar-Mors appearance of success, Monus and his team began to engage in creative accounting so that PharMor never reported these losses in its financial statements. Federal fraud examiners discerned later that 1987 was the last year Phar-Mor actua11ymade a profit. Investors, relying upon these erroneous financial statements, saw Phar-Mor as an opportunity to cash in on the retailing craze. Among the big investors were Westinghouse Credit Corp. , Sears Roebuck ; Co. , ma11developer Edward J. de Bartolo, and the prestigious Lazard Freres ; Co. Corporate Partners Investment Fund. Prosecutors say banks and investors put $1. 14 biUion into Phar-Mor based on the phony records. The fraud was ultimately uncovered when a travel agent received a Phar-Mor check signed by Monus paying for expenses that were unrelated to Phar-Mor. The agent showed the check to her landlord, who happened to be a Phar-Mor investor, IUnless otherwise noted, the facts and statements included in this case are based on actual trial transcripts. Case 6 Phar-Mor, Inc. : Accounting Fraud, Litigation, and Auditor Liability and he contacted Phar-Mors chief executive officer (C~O), David Shapira. On August 4, 1992, David Shapira announced to the business community that Phar-Mor had discovered a massive fraud perpetrated primarily by Michael Monus, former president and COO, and Patrick Finn, former chief financial officer (CFO). In order to hide Phar-Mors cash flow problems, attract investors, and make the company look profitable, Monus and Finn altered the Phar-Mors accounting records to understate costs of goods sold and overstate inventory and income. In addition to the financial statement fraud, internal investigations by the company estimated an embezzlement in excess of$10 million. 2 Phar-Mors executives had cooked the books and the magnitude of the collusive management fraud was almost inconceivable. The fraud was carefully carried out over several years by persons at many organizational layers, including the president and COO, CFO, vice president of mark~ting, director of accounting, controller, and a host of others. Many factors facilitated the Phar-Mor fraud. The following list outlines seven key factors contributing to the fraud and the ability to cover it up for so long. 1. The lack of adequate management information systems (MIS). According to the federal fraud examiners report, Phar-Mors MIS was inadequate on many levels. At one point, a Phar-Mor vice president raised concerns about the companys MIS systems and organized a committee to address the problem. However, senior officials involved in the scheme to defraud Phar-Mor dismissed the vice presidents concerns and ordered the committee disbanded. 2. Poor internal controls. For example, Phar-Mors accounting department was able to bypass normal accounts payable controls by maintaining a supply of blank checks on two different bank accounts and using them to make disbursements. Only those involved in the fraud were authorized to approve use of these checks. 3. The hands-off management style of David Shapira, CEO. For example, in at least two instances Shapira was made away of potential problems with Monus behavior and Phar-Mor financial information. In both cases Shapira chose to distance himself from the knowledge. . Inadequate internal audit function. Ironically, Michael Monus was appointed a member of the audit cOIpmittee. When the internal auditor reported that he wanted to investigate certain payroll irregularities associated with some of the Phar-Mor related parties, the CFO forestalled these activities and then eliminated the internal audit function all together. 5. Collusion among upper management. At least six members ofPh ar-Mors upper management, as well as other employees in the accounting department, were involved in the fraud. 6. Phar-Mors knowledge of audit procedures and objectives. Phar-Mors fraud team was made up of several former auditors, including at least one 2Stem, Gabriella, Phar-Mor Vendors Halt Deliveries; More Layoffs Made, The Wall Street Journal, August 10, 1992. 27 Beasley / Buckless / Glover / Prawitt fonner auditor who had worked for Coopers on the Phar-Mor audit. The fraud team indicated that one reason they were successful in hiding the fraud from the auditors was because they knew what the auditors were looking for. 7. Related parties. Coopers ; Lybrand, in a countersuit, stated that Shapira and Monus set up a web of companies to do business with Phar-Mor. Coopers contended that the companies fonned by Shapira and Monus received millions in payments from Phar~Mor. The federal fraud examiners report confirms Coopers allegations. The complexity of the related parties involved with Phar-Mor made detection of improprieties and fraudulent activity difficult. During its investigation, the federal fraud examiner identified 91 related parties. Attorneys representing creditors and investors pointed out that every year from 1987 to 1992, Coopers ; Lybrand acted as Phar-Mors auditor and declared the retailers books in order. At the same time, Coopers repeatedly expressed concerns in its annual audit reports and letters to management that Phar-Mor was engaged in hardto-reconcile accounting practices and called for improvements. Coopers identified Phar-Mor in its audit planning documents as a high risk audit, and their auditors documented that Phar-Mor appeared to be systematically exaggerating its accounts receivables and inventory, its primary assets.

Be The Best You Can Be :: Philosophy of Education Statement Teaching Essays

Be The Best You Can Be A person begins to learn from the moment they enter the earth and do not stop learning until they die. As an educator I feel it will be my job to teach my students to be self-motivated learners. Eventually my students will have to learn new skills in jobs and in life without a teacher there to guide them. In my elementary classroom creating self-motivated learners will be my ultimate goal. In order to do this I will have to use a variety of teaching philosophies and approaches, effective classroom management, and I will have to build relationships with my students. I would describe my teaching philosophy as eclectic. I find that components of the five major philosophies, essentialism, progressivism, perennialism, existentialism, and behaviorism, fit into how I feel about teaching. The essentials such as respect for each other and the basic subjects, such as reading and math, are very important to me as a teacher. Individuality, active participation, cooperative learning and developing social skill are some of the progressive ideas I will use in my classroom. For my students to become self-motivated learners they will need to be able to reason, as suggested in perennialism. Reasoning will help them to work through problems and make decisions. Existentialism states that students should accept responsibility for their actions and should be self-paced. These ideas are important to my philosophy of self-motivated learners because my goal will be to create students who can do what this philosophy states. Behaviorism supports the use of positive and negative reinforcement, both of which I believe will be essential to my classroom. These five theories put together describe my eclectic teaching philosophy. I believe that using a variety of teaching approaches and methods will be crucial in classroom. America is a very diverse country that is home to many different types of people, therefore, I except for my classroom to be fully diverse also. With many different types of people there will be come many different types of learning styles. And of course my class will include children with learning disabilities and with the movement of full inclusion, my class will contain students with other types of disabilities.

Night of the Long Knives

The Night of the Long Knives(The Blood Purge) Hitler had an abundance of power due to the enabling act that was granted to him by President Hindenburg. Even with all his power, Hitler still felt threatened by the SA leaders. This lead to the Night of the long Knives June 29th, 1934. This purge was only the beginning of his conquest to be the dictatorial power of Germany. What happened on the Night of the Long Knives? And why did Hitler arrange it. What happened during the Night of the Long Knives? This event saw the wiping out of he SA leaders and other people that angered Hitler. Hitler ordered his SS troops to arrest the leaders of the SA and political figures. Hitler assembled a fairly large group of SS and regular police, and went to the Hanselbauer Hotel in Bad Wiessee. Ernest Rohm and his followers were staying there. Upon arriving at the hotel, Hitler personally arrested Rohm and high ranking officers of the SA. Hitler then headed back to Munich where he addressed an assembled crowd of party members and SA members, saying â€Å"the worst treachery in world istory. † Hitler told the crowd that â€Å"undisciplined and disobedient characters and asocial or diseased elements† would be annihilated. When he arrived back in Berlin, he radioed to Goring saying the codeword â€Å"kolibri† to let loose the execution squads on more unsuspecting people. Hitler also used this purge to make a move on the conservatives he found unreliable. Himmler, Goring and Hitler himself ordered the SS against old enemies. Kurt von Schliecher George Strasser (angered Hitler by resigning from the party) and Gustav Ritter von Kahr former Bavarian state commissioner who brought down the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923) The reasons why this purge happened was because Hitler feared that someone would try and over throw him, Rohm and the SA had the power to do so if they wanted (Rohm was the leader of the SA, the SA had a force of over 3 million men). So Hitler did what he t hought needed to happen. He got rid of the problems and anyone else he thought had the power to overthrow him. The Night of the Long Knives did not just remove those who opposed or threatened Hitlers position. It also got the army to sign an oath that Hitler needed. The army saw the SA as a threat to their authority because the SA outnumbered them, also Rohm spoke about taking over the regular army by including them with the ranks of the SA. This alarmed the army leaders. Hitler then made a pact with the army. If Rohm and the other SA leaders were removed then the army would be in control of the SA. However for that to occur the army had to sign an oath of loyalty to Hitler. Hitler told the public of this gruesome even on July 13th 1934. Hitler told the Reichstag. in this hour I was responsible for the fate of the German people, and I thereby I became the supreme judge of the German people. I gave order to shoot the ringleaders in this treason, and I further gave the order to cauterize down to the raw flesh the ulcers if this poisoning of the wells in our domestic life. Let the nation know that its existence- which depends on its internal order and security- cannot be threatened with impun ity by anyone! And let it be known for all the time to come that if anyone raises his hand to strike the state, then certain death is his lot† – Adolf Hitler, July 13th, 1934. he aftermath of the Night of the Long Knives aka â€Å"The Blood Purge. † Hitler got away with his purge because Hitler had the cabinet approve a measure on July 3rd that declared â€Å"The measures taken on June 30th to July 1st and 2 to suppress treasonous assaults are legal as acts of self-defense by the State. † A new law was added which was signed by Hitler, Franz Gurtner, and the Minister of the interior Wilhelm Frick. The new law legalized the murderes committed during the purge under treason. The army applauded the Night of the Long Knives nd President Hidenburg expressed his â€Å"profoundly felt gratitude† and he congratulated Hitler. Hitler rewarded Himmler by giving him control of the SS. Himmler would now only answer to Hitler. Also Hitler game himself President a s well as Chancellor, a new role called ‘Der Fuehrer'. He also made himself head of the armed forces, who swore an oath of loyalty. Adolf Hitler was now in complete control after President Hindenburgs death in August. The Night of the Long Knives occurred on June 29th 1934. Many high ranking officers of he SA were killed, including several of Hitlers partners executed in the purge. After the purge Hitler created another Nazi organization called the Schutzstaffel or also known as the SS. The SS became the most feared arm in Nazi Germany. The Night of the Long Knives was an action to get rid of those disagreeing with Hitler or getting in the way of his rise to power. He was scared that someone would attempt to overthrow him. The result was the rise of an even greater/ stronger paramilitary for the Nazis.

Compare and contrast teaching and medical doctor proffesion Essay

A profession is something a little more than a job, it is a career for someone that wants to be part of society, who becomes competent in their chosen sector through training; maintains their skills through continuing professional development (CPD); and commits to behaving ethically, to protect the interests of the public.We all rely on professionals at many points of our lives – from dentists to teachers, from pension managers to careers advisers, from town planners to paramedics. We rely on professionals to be experts and to know what to do when we need them to. Back in the nineteenth century, the professions were defined as law, religion, and medicine. Nowadays, the number of professions is much wider and ever-increasing, as occupations become more specialised in nature and more ‘professionalised’ in terms of requiring certain standards of initial and ongoing education – so that anything from automotive technicians to web designers can be defined as prof essionals. Professions are equal even if they are different in terms of how they work, structure, functionality, and the process how to do the job. However, no profession is undermined. For instance, there are some similarities and differences between teaching and medical profession in terms of code of ethics. This are; the time frame to become a teacher and a doctor, ethical conducts towards whom they serve, the amount of dedication the profession requires, ethical conducts towards professional colleague are some examples that can be mentioned. First, the time frame to become a teacher and a doctor is different. Time frame is very important when considering whether you want to become a teacher as there are several different career paths to choose from. At a minimum, you’ll need to complete a 4-year bachelor’s degree. You will need to also complete a one-to-two year master’s degree. Some schools prefer GPA to 3.0. when we look the time frame to become a doctor or a physician or a medical professional,it obtain an undergraduate degree from an accredited college or university. This can take anywhere from three to four years depending on course load taken each semester. Students interested in becoming a doctor should follow a pre-med track in undergrad where they focus on math, biology, and physics. Students that are eager to join the profession should target colleges that offer a six year medical track. These  types of programs and hard to get into and have a rigorous curriculum to follow.Consider going abroad if attending a U.S. six-year program is not an option. Schools around the globe attempt to attract students’ right out of high school to join their medical programs. Medical schools in countries like Poland, Hungary, England, and even as far away as India and China are options if your goal is to become a doctor in a short period of time. Second, ethical conduct towards whom they serve makes the two professions similar. We strongly affirm parents as the primary moral educators of their children. Nevertheless, we believe all educators are obligated to help foster civic virtues such as integrity, diligence, responsibility, cooperation, loyalty, fidelity, and respect-for the law, for human life, for others, and for self.The professional educator, in accepting his or her position of public trust, measures success not only by the progress of each student toward realization of his or her personal potential, but also as a citizen of the greater community of the republic, The professional educator also deals considerately and justly with each student, and seeks to resolve problems, including discipline, according to law and school policy, does not intentionally expose the student to disparagement, does not reveal confidential information concerning students, unless required by law, makes a constructive effort to protect the s tudent from conditions detrimental to learning, health, or safety, and endeavors to present facts without distortion, bias, or personal prejudice. As same, a physician shall recognize a responsibility to participate in activities contributing to the improvement of the community and the betterment of public health, uphold the standards of professionalism, be honest in all professional interactions, and strive to report physicians deficient in character or competence, or engaging in fraud or deception, to appropriate entities. Next, the amount of dedication the profession requires is the difference in between teaching and medical profession. A physician shall be dedicated to providing competent medical care, with compassion and respect for human dignity and rights. If a physician see a person who is injured on the street he can’t pass the person and continue his way. This is because a physician has a responsibility to serve every person equally. Also, physicians have  life or death way of life, there profession may lead them till death. But, a teacher do not need to take a little boy who walks on the street to the school because it’s not his/her responsibility to take him school. The life of a teacher is in the school community. A great teacher should have the necessary command over the subject matter her or she teaches. This way he or she can be comfortable while explaining things. Teachers with a full understanding of subject matter are able to help students understand, by explaining conc epts thoroughly and being able to answer all questions accurately. By displaying competence and interest in a variety of areas, us as teachers set a positive example for our students, and encourage them to explore new areas of knowledge. Although knowledge and skills are important, a teacher who is enthusiastic, compassionate, and patient will create a positive environment in which students feel comfortable learning. Great teachers truly believe that each of their students can succeed, and are dedicated to the achievement of this success. At last, ethical conducts towards professional colleague is the last similarity that I listed before. The professional educator, in exemplifying ethical relations with colleagues, accords just and equitable treatment to all members of the profession is ; The professional educator does not reveal confidential information concerning colleagues unless required by law, does not willfully make false statements about a colleague or the school system, and does not interfere with a colleague’s freedom of choice, and works to eliminate coercion that forces educators to support actions and ideologies that violate individual professional integrity. Similarly, physicians should be aware of the limitations of their expertise and seek consultation or assistance in clinical situations where appropriate. Also they have a responsibility to develop, monitor and maintain their own physical and psychological well being and to recognize and disclose any impairment that would affect the care of the ir patients. Physicians should expect and promote in their colleagues intellectual honesty, moral integrity, clinical competence, and physical and psychological well-being consistent with their responsibilities. Physicians, individually and collectively, should identify colleagues whose ability to practice medicine becomes temporarily or permanently impaired. Physicians should assist such impaired colleagues to  obtain remedial help and modify or discontinue their practice, and assist with rehabilitation when appropriate, and should engage in collegial behavior and avoid any professional arrangements that exploit other physicians. In conclusion, even though there is some similarity and differences between the two professions, teaching and medical profession(Doctor or Physician) go Hand in Hand. To become a doctor a person should complete the requirement education level which is served by the teacher. At the same time, the doctor is a problem solver for the teachers life. Therefore, we can conclude that no profession is undermined even though they have some differences in terms of their code of ethics. Sources AMA (American Medical Association) – http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-ethics/code-medical-ethics/principles-medical-ethics.page Council of Medical Specialty Society – http://www.cmss.org/DefaultTwoColumn.aspx?id=79

Definition and Examples of Elenchus in Rhetoric

Definition and Examples of Elenchus in Rhetoric In a dialogue,  elenchus is  the Socratic method of questioning someone to test the cogency, consistency, and credibility of what he or she has said. Plural: elenchi. Adjective: elentic. Also known as the Socratic elenchus, Socratic method,  or elenctic method. The aim of the elenchus, says Richard Robinson, is to wake men out of their dogmatic slumbers into genuine intellectual curiosity (Platos Earlier Dialectic, 1966).For an example of  Socrates use of elenchus, see the excerpt from Gorgias (a  dialogue  written by  Plato  around 380 BC) at the entry for Socratic Dialogue. See Examples and Observations below. Also, see: DialecticSocratic DialogueAporiaArgument  and ArgumentationDiaphoresisDissoi LogoiProofRefutation EtymologyFrom the Greek, to refute, examine critically Examples and Observations Socrates famous method of refutationthe elenchustended to induce the experience of emptiness in others: an interlocutor would begin thinking he knew what justice or courage or piety is, and in the course of the conversation would be reduced to confusion and self-contradiction. For his own part, Socrates was the ancient Hellenic version of the Cheshire cat, fading away into his own smile. . . . In short, Socrates had an uncanny gift for bringing others to the brink of anxiety.(Jonathan Lear, The Examined Life. The New York Times, October 25, 1998)A Model of the ElenchusThe elenchus is often used in describing the Socratic dialectical method. This model in its simplest form can be sketched as follows: Socrates lets one of his interlocutors pose a definition of x, after which Socrates will interrogate the interlocutor up to the point where the latter has to admit this definition was, indeed, wrong and that he does not know what x is. This model of the elenchus can indeed be found in som e dialoguesI think especially in the early dialogues.(Gerard Kuperus, Traveling With Socrates: Dialectic in the Phaedo and Protagoras. Philosophy in Dialogue: Platos Many Devices, ed. by Gary Alan Scott. Northwestern University Press, 2007) Multiple MeaningsVarious terms are used in [Platos] dialogues in connection with Socrates manner of inquiring and interrogating, but none of them is used consistently by Plato in any precise or technical way that would legitimize it as Platos label for the philosophers approach. . . .Still, in the last 30 or 40 years, it has become rather standard for commentators to use the term Socratic elenchus as a label for Socrates way of philosophizing in the dialogues. . . .It is fundamentally unclear whether the elenchus is supposed to refer to a process (in which case it could mean to cross-examine, to put to the test, to put to the proof, or to indicate) or a result (in which case it could mean to shame, to refute, or to prove). In short, there is no general agreement about the elenchus, and therefore no consensus either about its employment in the dialogues.(Gary Alan Scott, Introduction to Does Socrates Have a Method?: Rethinking the Elenchus in Platos Dialogues. Penn State, 2004) A Negative MethodSocrates is considered one of the founding fathers of Western philosophy but, problematically for scholars, his thought is preserved only through the accounts of his students, most notably in Platos dialogues.His most significant contribution to Western thought is the Socratic method of debate or Method of Elenchus, a dialectical method of questioning, testing and ultimately improving a hypothesis. Through asking a series of questions, the method sought to show contradictions in the beliefs of those who posed them ​and systematically move towards a hypothesis-free from contradiction. As such, it is a negative method, in that it seeks to identify and demarcate that which a person does not know, rather than which he does. Socrates applied this to the testing of moral concepts, such as justice. Plato produced 13 volumes of Socratic Dialogues, in which Socrates would question a prominent Athenian on moral and philosophical issues. So often cast as the questioner, it is hard to establish any of Socrates own philosophical beliefs. He said his wisdom was an awareness of his own ignorance, and his statement, I know that I know nothing is often quoted.(Arifa Akbar, Arrogance of Socrates Made a Compelling Case for His Death. The Independent [UK], June 8, 2009) Alternate Spellings: elenchos

Sex and the City TV Show Quotations

Sex and the City TV Show Quotations A perfect play on words, Sex and the City quotes are full of witticisms and unabashed humor.  Here is a refreshing collection of Sex and the City quotes for good coffee-time reading.   Great Quotes From Sex and the City Charlotte: I just know no matter how good I feel about myself, if I see Christy Turlington, I just wanna give up.Miranda: Well I just want to tie her down and force feed her lard, but thats the difference between you and me.Carrie: [to Big] Were so over we need a new word for over.Miranda: Im sorry, if a man is over thirty and single, theres something wrong with him. Its Darwinian. Theyre being weeded out or propagating the species.Detective: You Irish?Miranda: No, why?Detective: Coz you have beautiful red hair.Miranda: Well I guess anybody can be Irish with the right colorist.Carrie: There are 1.3 million single men in New York, 1.8 million single women, and of these more than 3 million people, about 12 think theyre having enough sex.Carrie: I like my money where I can see it - hanging in my closet.Miranda: Whatever happened to aging gracefully?Carrie: It got old.Carrie: When it comes to relationships, maybe we’re all in glass houses, and shouldn’t throw stones. Becaus e you can never really know. Some people are settling down, some are settling and some people refuse to settle for anything less than butterflies. Samanthas terrified to get an AIDS test...Samantha: What if I have it?Carrie: You dont have it.Samantha: Sometimes it takes me a really long time to get over a cold.Carrie: Thats not AIDS, thats central air conditioning.Samantha: Im a try-sexual. Ill try anything once.Miranda: Theyre starting to die on us.Charlotte: Oh my god.Samantha: Well at least you werent stood up.Miranda: 35 and theyre dying. We should just give up now.Carrie: Well, on the bright side, this could explain why they dont call back.Samantha: Hmm.Charlotte: How did he... ?Miranda: Heart attack.Samantha: Oh.Miranda: At the gym.Carrie: See, this is why I dont work out.Miranda: My marriage is going through a rough spot. I dont have time to wax!Samantha: [Upon seeing a firefighter stripper] Hello, 911. Im on fire!Carrie: Maybe some women arent meant to be tamed. Maybe they just need to run free until they find someone just as wild to run with.Mr. Big: Nice dress.Carrie: Meaning?Mr. Big: Nice dress.Carrie: [after hearing Big is moving to Napa, California] If your tired of New York you take a napa, you dont move to Napa! Charlotte: [On seeing the tacky floral arrangement at Mirandas mothers funeral] They were supposed to say Im sorry, I love you not Youre dead, lets disco!.Samantha: [to the girls] I think I have monogamy. I caught it from you.Carrie: Yes, its airborne.Charlotte: I was a teen model when the Ralph Lauren store opened in New Haven.Miranda: Okay, it was amazing that I could keep my lunch down just now.Miranda: Wow! A guy who doesnt want to get married! Film at eleven!Charlotte: So, which church does his mother go to?Carrie: Park Avenue Presbyterian.Charlotte: Good church! Its one of the best on the east side!Carrie: What, are you rating churches? Is there a Zagat guide for that?Miranda: Four stars. Great bread; disappointing wine selection. Carrie:  Now Ive laid down a gauntlet. He either has to say I love you back or I guess Im going to have to break up with him.Charlotte:  Well, how long are you going to give him?Carrie:  Well, I didnt put an expiration date on the sentiment, but I figure its got the shelf life of a dairy product. Its going to start to curdle in about a week.Duncan:  Im just one of those weird male aberrations who  prefers  to be married. I like stability, I like routine. I like knowing  theres  people waiting for me at home. I guess that makes me sound pretty dull.Miranda:  Are you kidding? Youre the heterosexual holy grail.Carrie:  So what type of movies do you compose for?Patrick:  Really bad ones. You know, the I Screamed When I Knew What You Did Last Summer on Elm Street type.Samantha:  You know, women dressing like men is very popular right now.Carrie:  And here I thought it was Pokemon.Steve:  Oh come on, I want a baby. It would be fun.Miranda:  Its not like owning a foosball table, Steve.Aidan:  Dont take this the wrong way but this place could use a little work.Carrie:  I know, but I cant afford it.Aidan:  Youve got eight thousand bucks worth of shoes over there.Carrie:  I needed those! Miranda:  (looking at a bride magazine)  Ooh! Cute purse!Charlotte:  No purses! Theres no time for purses! This is gown-specific!Miranda:  Whats your theme again? A Nazi wedding?Carrie:  Id like to think that people have more than one soulmate.Samantha:  I agree! Ive had hundreds.Carrie:  Yeah! And you know what, if you miss one, along comes another one. Like cabs.Charlotte:  I promise I wont become one of those mothers who can only talk about diaper genies.Carrie:  Good.Samantha:  What the hell is a diaper genie?Carrie:  I dont know... someone you hire to change a kids diaper?Samantha:  These fast food apple pies are surprisingly delicious!Carrie:  I know! Why would anybody go to the trouble of making one when you can buy one that is so perfect and individually sized?A performance artist is starving herself and refusing to speak while on public display.Aleksandr:  You dont think its significant?Carrie:  Oh please! There are depressed women all over New York doing the exact same thing as her and not calling it art. I mean, if you put a phone up on that platform, its just a typical Friday night waiting for some guy to call. Samantha:  (on not getting hired because shes a woman)  What does he think Im gonna do? Get my period and ruin his empire?!FBI Agent, to Samantha:  Maam, can you undo your cuffs so we can use ours?Miranda:  He has to get baptized and wear a dress.Carrie:  Babys first drag show!Carrie:  Ooh! I forgot about the washer and dryer! Ive been dreaming about that my whole New York life!Samantha:  Whos the farmer with the dells?Carrie:  Young MacDonald?Samantha:  Oooh! E-I-E-I-O!Guy:  This floors  non smoking!Carrie:  I have an addiction, sir!Carrie:  It was a typical downtown male mix. Ten percent Wall Street, ten percent real estate, and ten percent Samantha had already slept with.Charlotte:  I proposed myself!Carrie:  What?Charlotte:  Yes. I suggested he have a tomato salad, then I suggested we get married.Carrie:  Wait. What exactly did he say?Charlotte:  Alrighty!Carrie:  Alrighty?  He said  alrighty? Now Im thinking the upsetting thing isnt that you proposed, its that you proposed to a guy that says alrighty.Charlotte:  Oh, Carrie, stop!Carrie:  Alrighty. Charlotte:  ...you shouldnt be talking like that at all, Samantha, its rude and politically incorrect.Carrie:  Sweetie, a reminder: Samantha is rude and politically incorrect.Miranda:  Shes an equal opportunity offender.Miranda:  You double-booked?Carrie:  How do you conceive pulling this one off?Charlotte:  Early dinner with bachelor number one, late supper with bachelor number two.Samantha:  My god, youre turning into a man!Carrie voiceover:  Apparently Charlotte had done more than just break a pattern. She had actually changed genders.Charlotte:  I just dont know how Im going to eat two dinners in a row.Carrie voiceover:  And just like that, she was a woman again.Big:  I never really thought about it.Carrie:  Oh come on. Everybody wonders what happens after you die.Big:  Im too busy wondering whos dinging my car in the garage.Carrie:  If you keep talking like that Im going to have to charge you by the minute.Anthony on his cell:  Charlottes wedding dr ess stylist Sorry, thought it was my Mother. FIFTEEN phone calls to make sure I get her the cheapest possible sheets from Bed, Bath and Friggin Beyond! Carrie:  And then I realized something, twenty-something girls are just fabulous, until you see one with the man who broke your heart.Charlotte:  Trey, you have a boner... I cant discuss my notes if you have a boner.

Injustice of the justice system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Injustice of the justice system - Essay Example The first mode of injustice is evident among the Virginia Police department that was undertaking investigations in relation to this case. It is evident that their investigations were conducted in a manner that coerced the four men to confess that they had committed the crime. To begin with, during the process of interrogation, the police claimed that they had evidence and could prove that the four men were responsible for the rape and the murder. In the video, various ways that were used to coerce the four men to admit that they had committed the crime are elaborated. The first mode used by the police investigators is through application of high level pressure interrogation methods for instance: Yelling at suspects and continuously calling them lairs. Moreover, the police also kept the four men in custody and kept threatening them of death sentences as well as severe torture techniques like depriving them of sleep. In addition, the video explicit how the police interrogators used false accusations after undertaking polygraph tests insisting that the four accused persons were lying and had failed their polygraph tests. This made the suspects became emotionally and mentally worn-out thus leading to their false confessions. There is also information in the video in regard to the manner by, which police pressured interrogation confuses suspects and compels them to admit that they had committed crime and implicates other close friend for example: In the video, Dick one of the Norfolk four accepts that he was confused by the polices’ hypotheses and interrogations thus, was compelled to implicate his fellow sailor, Wilson, who confessed ultimately. Another form of injustice the justice system is depicted by the manner by, which the police apply coerce guilty persons to confess that they had committed crime together with other

Strategies in Order to Avoid Plagiarism Assignment

Strategies in Order to Avoid Plagiarism - Assignment Example plagiarism could be a way to hold back people’s potential to exercise their creativity and personal ideas on certain things because, in the end, there would only be relevant duplications of concepts as an upshot of not significantly citing the right author or taking others’ words as own. For this reason, plagiarism could stand as an activity limiting the potential of a person to think of his own ideas and concepts on certain issues for instance. This activity should, therefore, degrade academic quality, so it is important to consider vital strategies in order to prevent somebody from plagiarizing. Below are some of the strategies in order to avoid plagiarism. Three strategies to avoid plagiarism Citing or attributing the reference source is one important strategy to avoid plagiarism (EC-Council, 2009). By attributing the reference source, a writer or speaker is giving credit to a person or article as the starting place of corresponding ideas. It is not good to consider an idea and regard it with full ownership if somebody already had it owned in the first place. In order to consider that idea without any problem, attributing the source is one of the most relevant actions a writer or speaker could apply.  So in order to achieve this, it is good to go back to the basic and employ substantial effort to cite authors and other related sources of some important ideas. In the age of advanced technology, it is now easy to detect whether a piece of article is a plagiarized output. There are some available online tools or software that could be used in order to identify the similarity of used words or information. Such are the common tools used in various academic institutions. In order to prevent from having similar outputs, one should, therefore, understand how these online tools work. In the case of some of these tools, the number or percentage of similar words is usually taken into account. Thus, when there is a higher number of percentage of proximit y, there is, therefore, a superior indication of actual plagiarism. At this point, another potential strategy that could be used in order to prevent plagiarism involves either paraphrasing or rephrasing (Tensen, 2012). This strategy would also be effective when one has to properly document the source (Van Blerkom, 2009). At some certain level, one is not limited to combine these two. In fact, this, for instance, would further enhance the writing skills of the writer, but above all, there is great consideration of warding off the high value of similarity between the recent and existing outputs. However, in this strategy, it would still be effective to attribute the source. Thus, paraphrasing or rephrasing plus citing the source would ensure a free-plagiarized output.

Organizational Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Organizational Leadership - Term Paper Example Resources should be readily available for organisation’s operation to flow smoothly on a daily basis. When resources are insufficient in an organisation, activities in various departments are delayed. This delay affects the pace or timing or achieving set targets and objectives. For organisational goals to be achieved, effective strategies have to be outlined, and required resources have to be availed. Also, the organisational leadership has to be outstanding. This paper will analyse concepts in organisational leadership and implications of theory X, Y and Z leaders in modern organisations. According to theory X, employees in every business organisation do not like what they do. It argues that employees must be forced to do assigned duties and responsibilities, through pressure and control from managers. In a business organisation, the most vital resources are the human ones. These resources (employees) determine the success of the organisation in its quest to achieve its goals and objectives. The way they execute assigned duties enables managers to check whether objectives are likely to be realised or not. Leaders in an organisation are responsible for performance of employees. They are required to set a good direction that should be followed by all members within the organisation. The direction set is vital in outlining how things should be run in the company. Theory X states that for all operations to run as planned, the leaders in an organisation should be harsh. They need to be strict, and on employees’ heels so that good results can be realised, at the end of specified period because theory X gives authority to management not to involve employees when making vital decisions on behalf of the whole company. Management only consult among themselves when coming up with plans and strategies to counter uncertainties. The fast decision making process is vital to an organisation since decisions are made quickly, hence minimising

Milling machines: An introduction

Milling machines: An introduction Chapter I 1.1 Introduction The ability of any nation to manufacture is essential but to deploy that ability in a certain nation is the trick as every nation defers from one another, so in order to enhance Arab nation ability to manufacture we will provide a better cheaper design for a CNC milling machine. The Primary Objective of This Project is to present and develop a prototype for a substitution of the expensive hard to acquire machining facility for the Middle East industrial society; these machining facilities include the regular Turning, Drilling, Shaping, Milling, and Grinding Machines. Our primary survey concluded that there always must be a turning machine beside a milling machine, but a milling machine (CNC milling machine) can include the rest of processes required within its operation to a good degree and the turning operation to an acceptable degree. So we chose the milling machine as our initial model to undergo our optimization plan. Therefore our Primary objective of choice is to Design a Basic Three Axis CNC milling machine. Also to manufacture a working Prototype for this machine fabricated all with nationally available components in order to minimize its cost but maintains an acceptable level of accuracy to suite a Computer Numerical Control Machine. Another Thing that we must point out is that in order to accomplish this project we need more than one trial to find the suitable combination of components and specs to pursue in order that this machine comes to light. 1.2 Proposed Approach A new approach is needed that approach is based upon the 2010-2015 World Outlook for Computer Numerical Controls [1]. The results of that survey were mainly based upon word wide research includes Middle East and North Africa. These results showed that any machine tool required for the Egyptian industrial society could be one of the following: Turning, Drilling, Shaping, Milling, and Grinding. So the first step was to pick up the operation over which this thesis will focus on. Milling can include in its operation: Drilling, Shaping, and Grinding. And might contain Turning under certain conditions. So milling was chosen. And this result might be verified by the fact that 90% of the working machine tools in the field of traditional CNC machines are either Milling or Turning Centers. Now we will compare different configuration of milling machines Case 1: A Universal Milling Machine. Case 2: A regular CNC Milling Machine. Case 3: Gantry style CNC Milling Machine. Case 1: A Universal Milling Machine From Cost point of view: Cost is high because of the usage of large material to build the bulky parts of the machine tool might be as high as a CNC Milling Machine From Design point of view: Design level might be considered low compared with the design required in both the regular CNC machine and our machine. From Accuracy Point of view: Accuracy is very low compared to the other two cases but could be difficulty approached with the use of very skilled labor and with high cost. Case 2: A regular CNC machine From Cost Point of view: Cost is much higher because of the usage of both large material amounts with high machining grade as will as the cost of the motion control equipments. From Design Point of view: Design is better than the first case for every part is designed to enhance the entire machining operation. From Accuracy Point of view: Attained accuracy is very high due to perfect guide ways assisted by ball screws along with feed back control. Case 3: A gantry CNC milling machine From Cost Point of view: Cost is mush less than the later case and might be less that the first case as the entire machine is only build from a metal sheet and some Bars. From Design Point of view: Design is much sophisticated than the first and the second case as the design is optimized to hold the predetermined forces as a light weight structure. From Accuracy Point of view: Accuracy is for sure less than the second case but higher than the first case as there is no feedback control technique employed. Discussion of results: For case 1: Universal Milling Machine Our results dont imply that the use of that machine is not appropriate but we only mean that each application requires a certain machine and also each goal. The cost is very high in EGYPT as almost all of them is imported but not made in EGYPT but there maintenance and overhauling is available domestically. For Case 2: three axis CNC milling machine Vertical Column type. The usage of this type of machines in any workshop requires a great deal of money so most of the manufacturers comprises between money and accuracy. The cost is definitely much higher as there is almost no one building or even providing maintenance for these machines in EGYPT. For Case 3: Gantry style CNC milling machine. The usage of this machine is aimed to workshops who would like to get both cheap machining with good accuracy. The cost is very low as of the innovative design of putting the entire axis moving over each other rather than independent from each other as in the regular design of any CNC machine Chapter II Literature Review 2.1 Milling Machine Milling is the process of machining flat, curved, or irregular surfaces by feeding the work piece against a rotating cutter containing a number of cutting edges. The milling machine consists basically of a motor driven spindle, which mounts and revolves the milling cutter, and a reciprocating adjustable worktable, which mounts and feeds the work piece. 2.1.2 Milling Machine History Unlike lathes, which have been known for thousands of years, milling machines are less than two hundred years old. Because they require much more power than hand-driven lathes, their introduction had to wait for the invention of industrial water and steam power. Also, all their mechanical components had to first be made available, such as accurately fitted slides, large castings to resist cutting forces, calibrated lead screws, and hardened steel cutting tools. Eli Whitney is credited with inventing the first milling machine about 1818, but the knee-and-column support arrangement of the universal milling machine of Joseph A. Brown (later of Brown and Sharpe) dates from 1862 and marks an important step in the machines development. During the last half of the nineteenth Century, milling machines gradually replaced shapers and planers which have lathe-type, single-point tool bits that move over the work in a straight line and scrape off metal one stroke at a time. Milling machines, with their continuous cutting action, not only remove metal faster than shapers and planers, they perform additional operations like cutting helices for gears and twist drills. Today, milling machines greatly outnumber shaping and planning machines. Americans in New England and later the Midwest continuously added features leading to the modern milling machine. Another important development came in the 1930s when Rudolph Bannow and Magnus Wahlstrom brought out the Bridgeport-style vertical milling machine. This design offers versatility and economy in place of the higher metal removal rates of traditional horizontal milling machines. Because of this versatility, there are more Bridgeport-style mills in existence today than any other milling machine design. Horizontal mills are now usually reserved for production applications where high metal removal rates on identical parts are needed, not prototyping and short runs. Bridgeport-style machines are also called knee-and-column machines and turret mills. For production applications, there are large, expensive milling machines with three or more axes under computer control. Some machines perform all operations including automatic tool changing. However, today there is an intermediate step between a manual mill and a fully automated one. Adding a computer, digital readouts, and actuators to the X- and Y-axes of a Bridgeport-style mill does this. Not only can this enhanced machine tirelessly perform all its existing repetitive functions, it also has added new capabilities. Now the mill can engrave (drive the tool to cut numbers and letters in various sizes and fonts), cut radii and angles without a rotary table, make islands, pockets, and cut ellipses, and frames. Entering the position, diameter and number of holes, automates cutting a bolt-hole pattern; the system does the math. The computer can automatically compensate for the reduced diameter of re sharp end milling cutters, saving time and money. The system can be manually programmed through its control panel, use stored programs, â€Å"learn† new tasks by memorizing a series of manual operations as the operator makes the first part, or accept files from CAD programs. 2.1.1 Type of MILLING MACHINES Milling machine are classified on the base of the position of their spindle. The spindle operates in either a vertical or horizontal position or on base of construction. In a following section we represent the different type of milling machine. Column Knee-type Milling Machine Fig 2 machines are characterized by a vertically adjustable worktable resting on a saddle which is supported by a knee. The knee is a massive casting that rides vertically on the milling machine column and can be clamped rigidly to have column in a position where the milling head and milling machine spindle are properly adjusted for operation. The plain vertical column knee type machines are characterized by a spindle located vertically, parallel to the column face, and mounted in a sliding head that can be fed up and down by hand or power. Modern vertical milling machines are designed so the entire head can also swivel to permit working on angular surfaces. The plain horizontal milling machines column contains the drive motor and gearing and a fixed position horizontal milling machine spindle. An adjustable overhead arm containing one or more arbor supports projects forward from the top of the column. The arm and arbor supports are used to stabilize long arbors. Supports can be moved along the overhead arm to support the arbor where support is desired depending on the position of the milling cutter or cutters. UNIVERSAL MILLING MACHINE The basic difference between a universal milling machine and a plain column knee type milling machine is the addition of table swivel housing between the table and the saddle of the universal machine. This permits the table to swing up to 45 ° in either direction for angular and helical milling operations. The universal machine can be fitted with various attachments such as the indexing fixture, rotary table, slotting and rack cutting attachments, and various special fixtures. RAM-TYPE MILLING MACHINEThe ram-type milling machine is characterized by a spindle mounted to a movable housing on the column to permit positioning the milling cutter forward or rearward in a horizontal plane. Two popular ram-type milling machines are the universal milling machine and the swivel cutter head ram-type milling machine. Gantry Milling Machinefigure 5is simplest construction of milling machine is usually use in CNC machine for cutting wood plastic and light metal Rotary-Table Milling MachinesThese are also called continuous milling machines, as the work picas are set up without stopping the operation. Rotary-table machines are highly productive; consequently, they are frequently used for both batch and mass production. The Work prices being machined are clamped in fixtures installed on the rotating table (2) figure 6. The machines may be equipped with one or two spindle heads (1).When several surfaces are to be machined; the Work pieces are indexed in the fixtures after each complete revolution of the table. The machining cycle provides as many table revolutions as the number of surfaces to be machined. 2.1.2 MILLING CUTTERS The milling cutters are selected for each specified machining duty. The milling cutter may be provided with a hole to be mounted on the arbor of the horizontal milling machines, or provided with a straight or tapered shank for mounting on the vertical or horizontal milling machine. Figure 7 visualizes commonly used milling cutters during their operation. These include the following: Plain milling cutters are either straight or helical ones. Helical milling cutters are preferred for large cutting widths to provide smooth cutting and improved surface quality (Figure 7 a). Plain milling cutters are mainly used on horizontal milling machines. Face milling cutters are used for the production of horizontal (Figure 7 b), vertical (Figure 7 c), or inclined (Figure 7 d) at surfaces. They are used on vertical milling machines, planer type milling machines, and vertical milling machines with the spindle swiveled to the required angle. Side milling cutters are clamped on the arbor of the horizontal milling machine and are used for machining of the vertical surface of a shoulder (Figure 7 e) or cutting a keyway (Figure 7 f). Interlocking (staggered) side mills (Figure 7 g) mounted on the arbor of the horizontal milling machines are intended to cut wide keyways and cavities. Slitting saws (Figure 7 h) are used on horizontal milling machines. Angle milling cutters, used on horizontal milling machines, for the production of longitudinal grooves (Figure 7 I) or for edge chamfering. End mills are tools of a shank type, which can be mounted on vertical milling machines (or directly in the spindle nose of horizontal milling machines). End mills may be employed in machining keyways (Figure 7 j) or vertical surfaces (Figure 7 k). Key-cutters are also of the shank type that can be used on vertical milling machines. They may be used for single-pass milling or multi pass milling operations (Figures 7 l and 7 m). Form-milling cutters are mounted on horizontal milling machines. Form cutters may be either concave as shown in (Figure 7 n) or convex as in Figure (7 o). T-slot cutters are used for milling T-slots and are available in different sizes. The T-slot is machined on a vertical milling machine in two steps: 1-Slotting with end mill (Figure 7 j) 2-Cutting with T-slot cutter (Figure 7 p). Compound milling cutters are mainly used to produce compound surfaces. These cutters realize high productivity and accuracy (Figure 7 q). Inserted tool milling cutters have a main body that is fabricated from tough and less expensive steel. The teeth are made of alloy tool steel, HSS, carbides, ceramics, or cubic boron nitride (CBN) and mechanically attached to the body using set screws and in some cases are brazed. Cutters of this type are confined usually to large-diameter face milling cutters or horizontal milling cutters (Figure 7 q). Gear milling cutters are used for the production of spur and helical gears on vertical or horizontal milling machines (Figures 7 r and 7 s). Gear cutters are form-relieved cutters, which are used to mill contoured surfaces. They are sharpened at the tooth face. Hobbing machines and gear shapers are used to cut gears for mass production and high-accuracy demands. 2.1.3 Milling operation Milling is the removal of metal by feeding the work past a rotating multi toothed cutter. In this operation the material removal rate (MRR) is enhanced as the cutter rotates at a high cutting speed. The surface quality is also improved due to the multi cutting edges of the milling cutter. The action of the milling cutter is totally different from that of a drill or a turning tool. In turning and drilling, the tools are kept continuously in contact with the material to be cut, whereas milling is an intermittent process, as each tooth produces a chip of variable thickness. Milling operations may be classified as peripheral (plain) milling or face (end) milling (Figure 8). In peripheral milling, the cutting occurs by the teeth arranged on the periphery of the milling cutter, and the generated surface is a plane parallel to the cutter axis. Peripheral milling is usually performed on a horizontal milling machine. For this reason, it is sometimes called horizontal milling. The appearance of the surface and also the type of chip formation are affected by the direction of cutter rotation with respect to the movement of the WP. In this regard, two types of peripheral milling are differentiable, namely, up-milling and down-milling. Up-milling is accomplished by rotating the cutter against the direction of the feed of the WP (Figure 9 a). The tooth picks up from the material gradually; that is, the chip starts with no thickness and increases in size as the teeth progress through the cut. This means that the cycle of operation to remove the chip is first a sliding action at the beginning and then a crushing action takes place, which is followed by the actual cutting action. In some metals, up-milling leads to strain hardening of the machined surface, and also to chattering and excessive teeth blunting. Advantages of up-milling include the following: It does not require a backlash eliminator. It is safer in operation (the cutter does not climb on the work). Loads on teeth are acting gradually. Built-up edge (BUE) fragments are absent from the machined surface. The milling cutter is not affected by the sandy or scaly surfaces of the work. Down-Milling is accomplished by rotating the cutter in the direction of the work feed, as shown in Figure 9b. In climb milling, as implied by the name, the milling cutter attempts to climb the WP. Chips are cut to maximum thickness at initial engagement of cutter teeth with the work, and decrease to zero at the end of its engagement. The cutting forces in down milling are directed downward. Down-milling should not be attempted if machines do not have enough rigidity and are not provided with backlash eliminators. Under such circumstances, the cutter climbs up on the WP and the arbor and spindle may be damaged. Advantages of down-milling include the following: Fixtures are simpler and less costly, as cutting forces are acting downward. Flat WPs or plates that cannot be held can be machined by down-milling. Cutter with higher rake angles can be used, which decreases the power requirements. Tool blunting is less likely. Down-milling is characterized by fewer tendencies of chattering and vibration, which leads to improved surface finish. up milling down milling In face milling, the generated surface is at a right angle to the cutter axis. When using cutters of large diameters, it is a good practice to tilt the spindle head slightly at an angle of 13 ° to provide some clearance, which leads to an improved surface finish and eliminate tool blunting. Face milling is usually performed on vertical milling machines; for this reason, the process is called vertical milling, which is more productive than plain milling. 2.2 Computer Numerical Control The abbreviation CNC stands for computer numerical control, and refers specifically to a computer controller that reads G-code instructions and drives a machine tool, a powered mechanical device typically used to fabricate components by the selective removal of material. CNC does numerically directed interpolation of a cutting tool in the work envelope of a machine. The operating parameters of the CNC can be altered via a software load program. 2.2.1 Historical overview CNC was preceded by NC (Numerically Controlled) machines, which were hard wired and their operating parameters could not be changed. NC was developed in the late 1940s and early 1950s by John T. Parsons in collaboration with the MIT Servomechanisms Laboratory. The first CNC systems used NC style hardware, and the computer was used for the tool compensation calculations and sometimes for editing. Punched tape continued to be used as a medium for transferring G-codes into the controller for many decades after 1950, until it was eventually superseded by RS232 cables, floppy disks, and now is commonly tied directly into plant networks. The files containing the G-codes to be interpreted by the controller are usually saved under the .NC extension. Most shops have their own saving format that matches their ISO certification requirements. The introduction of CNC machines radically changed the manufacturing industry. Curves are as easy to cut as straight lines, complex 3-D structures are relatively easy to produce, and the number of machining steps that required human action has been dramatically reduced. With the increased automation of manufacturing processes with CNC machining, considerable improvements in consistency and quality have been achieved with no strain on the operator. CNC automation reduced the frequency of errors and provided CNC operators with time to perform additional tasks. CNC automation also allows for more flexibility in the way parts are held in the manufacturing process and the time required changing the machine to produce different components. 2.2.2 Production environment A series of CNC machines may be combined into one station, commonly called a cell, to progressively machine a part requiring several operations. CNC machines today are controlled directly from files created by CAM software packages, so that a part or assembly can go directly from design to manufacturing without the need of producing a drafted paper drawing of the manufactured component. In a sense, the CNC machines represent a special segment of industrial robot systems, as they are programmable to perform many kinds of machining operations (within their designed physical limits, like other robotic systems). CNC machines can run over night and over weekends without operator intervention. Error detection features have been developed, giving CNC machines the ability to call the operators mobile phone if it detects that a tool has broken. While the machine is awaiting replacement on the tool, it would run other parts it is already loaded with up to that tool and wait for the operator. T he ever changing intelligence of CNC controllers has dramatically increased job shop cell production. Some machines might even make 1000 parts on a weekend with no operator, checking each part with lasers and sensors. 2.2.3 CNC Components and Control System The two main components of a CNC machine are the machine tool and the machine control unit (MCU). The MCU is the computer that operates the machine tool. There are many manufacturers of these control units, so program codes may vary somewhat between machines. Figure 10 shows three types of control systems for NC and CNC machines. The least expensive type is called a point-to-point (PTP) control system. A PTP control system can only move a tool in a straight line and is limited to hole operations (drilling, boring, reaming, etc.) and spot welding. The tool path between points is not controllable in a PTP system. A straight-cut control system is capable of moving the cutting tools in a straight line between points. However, only one axis drive motor can move at one time, so arcs and angles are not possible. The contouring control system is the most expensive and flexible of the three systems. With the recent advances in electronics, the price difference between these systems has narrowed so much that every CNC machine is now manufactured with a contouring control system. A contouring system is capable of doing what the other systems can do while also being able to cut arcs and angles. 2.2.3 Positioning Formats A CNC program is written using the Cartesian coordinate system. The CNC tool can be moved inside the rectangular coordinates in either two or three dimensions. Lathes are programmed two-dimensionally using only the x- and y-axes, while milling machines are programmed three-dimensionally using the x-, y-, and z-axes. The z-axis is always the axis that determines the depth of cut. The x-axis is parallel to the longest length of the machine table, and the y-axis is parallel to the shortest length of the machine table. CNC programs can be written in one quadrant or four quadrants. CNC machines can be positioned in two ways with respect to the Cartesian coordinate system. They can be positioned in an absolute format or an incremental format. In the absolute format, all machine locations are taken from starting point (0, 0), which is referred to as the home position. In incremental format there are no assigned or home coordinates. The cutter tool bit moves in spaces (increments) relative to the coordinates previously listed. The absolute format is typically used for the main body of a CNC program. This allows the cutting tool to be given a home position to start and end its job. The incremental format is used in the middle of a program when a repetitious cycle (commonly referred to as a canned cycle) is needed. A canned cycle is a cutting pattern that can be programmed to repeat as many times as desired. It can reduce the size of a program tremendously, depending on the number of machining operations involved. The size of a program is reduced by a canned cycle because a programmer does not have to give the fixed coordinates of each move of the cutting tool. A programmer must only give the distance from each previous move of the cutter for one cycle. After that, a programmer merely has to list the number of times the cycle must be repeated. A programmer can also call up the canned cycle and use it again to do a similar machining operation in another part of the work piece. 2.2.4 CNC Programming Because of the added feature of a computers memory, CNC programming is a lot easier and simpler than conventional NC programming. Most CNC machines can be programmed using a standardized list of codes that were developed by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA), as shown in Table 1. These codes include preparatory functions or G codes. Some of these functions include cutting an arc in a clockwise direction (G02 circular interpolation) and telling the machine that the dimensions will be given in millimeters (G71-metric programming). 2.2.5 Task Flow in CNC The task flow that is needed for producing apart using a CNC machine can be summarizedas Fig.1.2.The tasks can be classified as the following three types: Offline tasks: CAD, CAPP, CAM. Online tasks: CNC machining, monitoring and On Machine Measurement. Post-line tasks: Computer Aided Inspection (CAI), post-operation. Offline tasks are the tasks that are needed to generate apart program for controlling a CNC machine. In the offline stage, after the shape of apart has been decided, a geometry model of this part is created by 2D or 3D CAD. In general, CAD means Computer Aided Design After finishing geometric modeling, Computer Aided Process Planning, CAPP, is carried out where necessary information for machining is generated. In this stage, the Selection of machine tools, tools, jig and fixture, decisions about cutting conditions, Scheduling and machining sequences are created. Because process planning is very Complicated and CAPP is immature with respect to technology, process planning generally depends on the know how of a process planner. CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) is executed in the final stage for generating apart program. In this stage, tool paths are generated based on geometry information from CAD and machining information from CAPP. During tool path generation, interferences between tool and work piece, minimization of machining time and tool change, and machine performance are considered .In particular; CAM is an essential tool to generate 2.5D or 3D tool paths for machine tools with more than three axes. Online tasks are those that are needed to machine parts using CNC machines. A part program, being the machine understandable instructions, can be generated in the above mentioned offline stage and part programs for a simple part can be directly edited in CNC by the user. In this stage, the CNC system reads and interprets part programs from memory and controls the movement of axes. The CNC system generates instructions for position and velocity control based on the part program and servo motors are controlled based on the instructions generated. As the rotation of a servo motor is transformed into linear movement via ball screw mechanisms, the work piece or tool is moved and finally, the part is machined by these movements. In the online stage, the status of the machine and machining process may be monitored during machining. Actually, tool breakage detection, compensation of thermal deformation, adaptive control, and compensation of tool defection based on monitoring of cutting force, heat, and electric current are applied during machining. On Machine Measurement is also used to calculate machining error by inspecting the finished part on the machine, returning machining errors to controller to carryout compensation. The post-line task is to carryout CAI (Computer Aided Inspection), inspecting the finished part. In this stage, inspection using a CMM (Coordinate Measurement Machine) is used to make a comparison between the result and the geometry model in order to perform compensation. The compensation is executed by modifying tool Compensation or by doing post operations such as re machining and grinding. Reverse engineering, meaning that the shape of the part is measured and a geometric model based on the measured data is generated, is included in this stage. As mentioned above, through three stages, it is possible for machine tools not only to satisfy high accuracy and productivity but also to machine parts with complex shape as well as simple shapes. Because CNC machines can machine a variety of parts by changing the part program and repetitively machine the same part shape by storing part programs, CNC machines can be used for general purposes.